| Disease or Agent |
Factors in Re-emergence |
| Viral |
| Rabies |
Breakdown in public health measures; changes in land use: travel |
| Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever |
Transportation, travel and migration; urbanization |
| Yellow Fever |
Drug and insecticide resistance; civil strife; lack of economic resources |
| Parasitic |
| Schistosomiasis |
Dam construction, improved irrigation, and ecological changes favoring the snail host |
| Neurocysticercosis |
Immigration |
| Acanthamebiasis |
Introduction of soft contact lenses |
| Visceral leishmaniasis |
War, population displacement, immigration, habitat changes favorable to the insect vector, an increase in immunocompromised human hosts |
| Malaria |
Favorable conditions for mosquito vector |
| Toxoplasmosis |
Increase in immunocompromised human hosts |
| Giardiasis |
Increased use of child-care facilities |
| Echinococcosis |
Ecological changes that affect the habitats of the intermediate (anirnal) hosts |
| Bacterial |
| Group A Streptococcus |
Uncertain |
| Trench fever |
Breakdown of public health measures |
| Plague |
Economic development; land use |
| Diphtheria |
Interruption of immunization program due to political changes |
| Tuberculosis |
Human demographics and behavior; industry and technology; international commerce and travel; breakdown of public health measures; microbial adaptation |
| Pertussis |
Refusal to vaccinate in some parts of the world because of the belief that injections or vaccines are not safe |
| Salmonella |
Industry and technology; human demographics and behavior; microbial adaptation; food changes |
| E.coli O157 |
Food processing and shipment |
| Pneumococcus |
Human demographics; microbial adaptation; international travel and commerce; misuse and overuse of antibiotics |
| Cholera |
Travel: a new strain (0139) apparently introduced to South America from Asia by ship, with spread facilitated by reduced water chlorination and also food |
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