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1997 Sub-Saharan Africa Survey
Data Collected

Countries Surveyed
Benin	Botswana	Burkina-Faso
Cameroon	Central African Republic	Chad
Republic of Congo	Cote d'Ivoire	Gabon
Gambia	Ghana	Guinea-Bissau
Kenya	Lesotho	Malawi
Mali	Mauritania	Mozambique
Namibia	Rwanda	Sierra Leone
South Africa	Swaziland	Tanzania
Togo	Uganda	Zambia
Zimbabwe

 

Countries Represented by Completed Questionnaires
Botswana	Burkina-Faso	Cameroon
Gambia	Ghana	Kenya
Malawi	Namibia	South Africa
Swaziland	Tanzania	Uganda
Zambia	Zimbabwe

 

Number of Questionnaires Returned -- 26
Number of Letter Responses (no return of questionnaire) -- 15
Types of Facilities Represented (#)

• National Veterinary Offices -- 8
• National Wildlife Agencies -- 3
• National Parks/Game Preserves -- 2
• National Veterinary Laboratories -- 1
• National Livestock Research Centers -- 2
• Veterinary Consultants in Region -- 2
• Regional Universities -- 1
• Regional Reference Laboratories -- 1
• Non-Regional Reference Laboratories -- 3
• Institutions with Regional Programs -- 3

 

CURRENT SURVEILLANCE EFFORTS

Formal Reporting of Disease Events

To: # Facilities

1. National Offices/Ministries 13
2. FAO 5
3. OIE 9
4. SADC 3
5. IBAR 4
6. District/State/Provincial Offices 6
7. WHO 3
8. EU 1
9. Others 8

Informal Reporting of Disease Events

To: # Facilities

1. National Offices/Ministries 10
2. District/State/Provincial Offices 2
3. Regional Organizations 6
4. ILRI 1
5. Others 18
6. Neither formal nor informal reporting when there are no fatalities or when outbreak does not persist (# Facilities) -- 4
7. Facilities Always Notified of Unidentified Syndromes (#) -- 18
8. Facilities Not Always Notified of Unidentified Syndromes (#) -- 8

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Epidemiology Capabilities (# of facilities) -- 16

1. Fully Developed -- 3
2. Moderately Developed -- 11
3. Undeveloped -- 2

Staffing Range (# of persons available) -- 2 - 1040

Number of Field Investigations (total, all responses) -- 110

Diseases Investigated
African horse sickness	African swine fever
Anaplasmosis	Anthrax
Babesiosis	Bluetongue
Bovine tuberculosis	Bursal infectious diseases (BRSV)
Canine distemper	Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Ectoparasites	Encephalomyocarditis (EMRV)
E. coli	Floppy trunk disease
Foot and mouth disease	Fowl pox
Heartwater	Helminthiosis
Hemorrhagic septicemia	Herpes viruses
Leptospirosis	Lumpy skin disease
Marek's disease	Mastitis
Mycoplasmosis	Newcastle disease
Para-influenza	Rabies
Rift Valley fever	Rinderpest
Ringworm	Theileriosis
Trypanosomiasis	Tuberculosis

 

DIAGNOSTIC CAPABILITIES & PROCEDURES

• Facilities With Diagnostic Capabilities (#) -- 16
• Facilities Fully Supplied (#) -- 3
• Facilities Mostly Supplied (#) -- 4
• Facilities Inadequately Supplied (#) -- 9

Needed Diagnostic Items
acetone	antibody standards
antigens	biochemicals
binocular microscope	blood agar base
cell culture facilities	centrifuge
conjugates	electron microscope
hemocrit reader and accessories	histopathological facilities
incubator	media
MacConkey agar	petri dishes
portable microscope	primers
pyricloxal	reagents (viral and bacterial)
sensitivity discs	SIM medium
stains	XLB agar

Facilities with PCR and/or ELISA Capabilities: PCR (#) -- 3 ELISA (#) -- 7 (1 with equipment only) (1 with no quipment)

Facilities Performing Additional Tests for Rabies if First Test Is Negative (#) -- 7
Range of Lapsed Time Between Samples Referred and Results -- 1 day - 6 months
Facilities Not Always Having Local Access to:

• Formalin -- 1
• Dry ice -- 6

Adequate/safe packaging/containers for shipping samples -- 7
Number of Facilities Having Field Diagnostic Kits -- 6
For which diseases? anthrax, brucellosis, BSE, mastitis, malaria, pullorum, rabies, tick-borne diseases, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis

RESEARCH

Special Research Emphases: human-animal-human transmission, tuberculosis, epidemiology, zoonoses, carrier status after recovery from ASF, intestinal parasites in wildlife, and developing control packages

LOGISTICS

Regular Air Transport to: Nairobi -- 15 Pretoria -- 12 Harare -- 13

Served by Flying Doctors (or similar organization) -- 6

Modes of Transport Used to Forward Samples in past 12 months: air courier, land

• Special Clearance Needed for Export of Samples (# of countries) -- 7
• Special Clearance Needed from Recipient Country (# of countries) -- 1

Reliable 24-Hour Electricity Supply at Facility Location in SSA: Yes -- 15 No -- 3

Reliable Vehicle Fuel Supply at Facility Location: Yes -- 14 N/A -- 4
Range of Available Vehicles: Number -- 1-199
Type -- pickups, 4wd, 4x4, station wagons, Jeeps, Land Rovers

Refrigerators/Freezers at SSA Facilities: Facilities Having Both -- 15
Facilities Having Refrigerators -- 3
Facilities Having Freezers: Solar -- 2 Kerosene -- 1 Liquid Nitrogen -- 1
Battery powered field cooler -- 1 Others -- Gas and Electric

COMMUNICATIONS

• Reliable Telephone Service: Yes -- 17 No -- 1
• Facilities Using Short-Wave Radio -- 12
• Facilities Using Personal Computers: Yes -- 15 No -- 3
• Facilities Using Modems -- 7
• Facilities with E-mail Capability -- 7
• Facilities With Workable Facsimile Machines: Yes -- 16 No -- 2

DISEASE SURVEY

SSA Facilities Encountering Unexplained Mortalities or Unidentified, Prolonged Debilitating Diseases: Yes -- 8 No -- 10

Syndromes:

• An unexplained respiratory disease syndrome in camels -- 20 -30% mortality
• Undetermined cause of deaths among hyenas. While it appeared to be ascites syndrome, none of the bacteriological, virological or histopathological tests could confirm ascites as the cause.
• Emaciated and weakened buffalo with skin infections having many micro abscesses that ooze pus. No diagnosis thus far.
• Unexplained respiratory distress syndrome in cattle not treatable with antibiotics. These cattle had just recovered from FMD
• An outbreak of a nervous syndrome in sheep which caused them to circle and convulse, with death following.
• The flaccid (or floppy) trunk syndrome in elephants
• Still births in zebra
• Fever, jaundice and dermatitis with lightened skin areas and major lesions in cattle
• Sudden death in sheep (no symptoms provided in this report)
• High, unexplained mortality in chicks (again no symptoms provided)
• Unexplained illness in horses and other ungulates

Facilities Performing Necropsies in Event of Only One Death: Yes -- 14 No -- 1 N/A -- 3

Facilities Suspecting Disease Transmission from Farmed Animal to Wild Animal: Yes -- 2 No -- 14 N/A -- 2
Diseases: tuberculosis, rabies and anthrax
Were these suspicions reported to authorities? Yes, all.

Facilities Suspecting Disease Transmission from Wild Animal to Farmed Animal: Yes -- 3 No -- 14 N/A -- 1
Diseases: malignant catarrhal fever, ulcerative lymphangitis, and trypanosomiasis
Were these suspicions reported to authorities? Yes, all.

Facilities Suspecting Disease Transmission from Human to Animal: Yes -- 4 No -- 12 N/A -- 2
Disease: Animal:scabies, Mountain gorilla; rabies, cattle; ringworm, Camel, then to gazelle
Were these suspicions reported to authorities? 3 facilities reported, 1 did not

Parasistic Infections Reported (livestock and wildlife):
Animal:	Severity:	Diagnosed/Suspected
Cattle	Low & High	Helminthiasis
Cattle	Moderate & High	East Coast Fever
Cattle	Low & High	Trypanosomiasis
Cattle	High	Theileriosis
Cattle	Moderate & High	Anaplasmosis
Cattle	Moderate	Echinococcosis
Cattle	Moderate	Cystericercosis
Cattle	Moderate & High	Anaplasmosis
Cattle	Moderate	Filiariasis
Cattle	Moderate & High	Babesiosis
Cattle	High	Heartwater
Cattle	High	Tick infestations
Cattle	High	Fascioliasis
Cattle	High	Mange
Goats	High	Helminthiasis
Goats	Low	Tick infestations
Goats	High	Fascioliasis
Goats	High	Hemonchosis
Horse	High	Trypanosomiasis
Swine	High	Cysticercosis
Poultry	High	Coccidiosis
Camel	Moderate	Trypanosomiasis
Cheetah	High	Mange
Leopard	Moderate	Mange
Jackal	Moderate	Mange
Buffalo	Low	Parafirarial sores
Rhino	Low	Stephanofirarial sores
Gorilla	High	Scabies
Buffalo	Moderate	Tick infestations
Kob	Moderate	Tick infestations
Rhino	Moderate	Tick infestations
Giraffe	Moderate	Filariasis
Carnivores	Moderate to High	Nematodes/Tapeworms
Carnivores	Moderate to High	Scabies
Ungulates	Moderate to High	Blood parasites
Ungulates	Moderate to High	Tick infestations
Primates	High	Sarcops
Suni	High	Coccidiosis
Bongo	High	Trichuriasis

 

Spontaneous Abortions (livestock and wildlife):
Animal:	Which Month:	Diagnosed/Suspected:
Cattle	All Stages	FMD
Cattle	Last trimester	Brucellosis
Cattle	First trimester	Campylobacteriosis
Cattle	First trimester	Trichomoniasis
Cattle	Last trimester	Listeriosis
Cattle	Last trimester	Bovine viral pneumonia
Cattle	Last trimester	Salmonella
Sheep		Breeding diseases
Sheep	Last trimester	Rift Valley fever
		Breeding diseases
Buffalo		Rinderpest
Swine	Last trimester	Brucellosis
Dogs	Last trimester	Brucellosis
Zebra ?

 

Severe Diarrheal Diseases Reported (livestock and wildlife):
Animal:	Diagnosed/Suspected:
Cattle	Trypanosomiasis
Cattle	Salmonellosis
Cattle	Theileriosis
Cattle	East coast fever
Cattle	Collibacillosis
Cattle	H. perfringens
Calf	Helminthiasis
Calf	Strongyloidosis
Goat	Peste des petits ruminants
Goat	Parasitic gastroenteritis
Sheep	Peste des petits ruminants
Sheep	Helminthiasis
Rabbits	Coccidiosis
Gorilla	Parasitic gastroenteritis
Buffalo	Rinderpest
Suni	Coccidiosis
Bongo (antelope)	Trichuriasis

 

Fungal Diseases Reported (livestock and wildlife):
Animal:	Diagnosed/Suspected:
Horse	Epizootic lymphangitis
Impala, gazelle	Ringworm
Cattle	Ringworm
Cattle	Fungal hepatitis
Dogs	Microsporum
Dogs	Trichophyton
Rabbits	Trichophyton
Poultry	Aspergillosis

 

Diseases Appearing To Increase with:
Prolonged Rainfall:	Prolonged Drought:
Trypanosomiasis	Rinderpest
Theileriosis	Tick infestations
Tick infestations	Nematodes
FMD	Helminthiosis
Foot rot	FMD
Helminthiasis	Intestinal parasites
Ulcerative	lymphagitis
Umbilical infections	Three-Day sickness (Ephemeral fever)

 

Diseases Seen/Suspected in Environmental or Social Disruptions:
Disease:	Disruption:
Trypanosomiasis	Forest destruction/malnutrition/low resistance
CBPP	Refugee movements
FMD	Refugee movements
Rinderpest	Drought/pastoral movement

 

DISEASES REPORTED IN CAPTIVE OR WILD ANIMALS
Disease	Animals:
Adenovirus	Crocodile
AH sickness	Elephant
Anthrax	Kob, impala, wildebeest, elephant, lion, leopard, cheetah
Bluetongue	Buffalo, antelope, elephant
Brucellosis	Buffalo, kob, elephant
Chlamydiosis	Crocodile, lion
Clostridial disease	Elephant
Distemper	Lion
Encephalomyocarditis	Elephant
Fascioliasis	Impala
Filiariasis	Giraffe
FIV	Lion
Flaccid trunk disease	Elephant
FMD	Impala, buffalo, kob
Herpes	Buffalo, kob, duikers, impala
Infectious bovine	rhinotrachetis Buffalo, kob
Influenza	Buffalo, kob
IV	Buffalo
Leptospirosis	Buffalo, kob, rhino, elephant
Mange	Cheetah, leopard, jackal, gorilla
Mycoplasma polyarthritis	Crocodile
Mycoplasmosis	Lion
Rabies Bat-eared	fox, jackal, mongoose, serval, civet, wildcat, hyena, honey badger
Rinderpest	Buffalo, eland
Salmonellosis	Crocodile, gorilla
Theilerosis	Waterbuck
Trypanosomiasis	Rhino
Tuberculosis	Giraffe, buffalo, lion, baboon, warthog

 

INTEREST IN PARTICIPATING IN PILOT PROGRAM

• Facilities Interested -- 41
• SSA Facilities Willing To Help Develop Local Reporting Network -- 3
• SSA Facilities Willing To Participate in Local Reporting Network -- 15
• Facilities Willing To Report Atypical or Unusual Disease Events to a Pilot Program Regional Office: Yes -- 38 No -- N/A -- 3
• Facilities Willing To Obtain and Submit Samples to Pilot Program Reference Laboratory : Yes -- 36 No -- Unsure -- 4 N/A -- 1
• Facilities willing to submit to Pilot Program Reference Laboratory a split of sample taken in suspected diseases notifiable to national or international administrations: Yes -- 30 No -- Unsure -- 8 N/A -- 1

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Strategic Plan 1998-2001
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