ARMS SALES MONITOR

Highlighting U.S. government policies on arms exports and conventional weapons proliferation.

Christmas in April:

Weapons Wish Lists from Around the World

Israel and Syria: Weapons for Peace?

What does it take to support a peace deal in the Middle East? Weapons, of course! Israel has said that in exchange for reaching a peace accord with Syria and withdrawing from the Golan Heights, it wants massive amounts of U.S. weaponry. Israel has reportedly presented the Pentagon with a $17 billion shopping list, including AWACS and Hercules aircraft, Tomahawk cruise missiles, Black Hawk helicopters, and Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) kits to make "smart" satellite-guided missiles. Israel already got $1.2 billion last year for signing the Wye River Agreement with Jordan and continues to receive almost $2 billion of military aid a year for its 1978 peace accords with Egypt.

Taiwan: Weapons or Peace?

Washington recently approved a package of high-tech weapons for Taiwan, including sophisticated air-to-air and anti-ship missiles and a "Pave Paws" long-range radar system. The Pave Paws system could eventually be linked to a theater missile defense system, still in development, increasing the intensity of the ongoing arms race with China. Yet Taiwan didn't get everything on its wish-list; Taipei really wanted four destroyers with the powerful Aegis battle management system, capable of tracking over 100 land, sea, and air targets. Most independent observers believe that the Taiwanese military isn't ready to handle the Aegis warships, and the State Department feared the sale would provoke an angry response by Beijing.

This "compromise" arms deal was an attempt to balance a U.S. commitment to China not to increase arms sales to Taiwan and a Congressional mandate to provide Taiwan with a "sufficient self-defense capability." Yet this sale, like past arms sales to Taiwan, is guaranteed to displease both sides: China feels threatened by sophisticated additions to Taiwan's arsenal, and Congress and Taiwan's elastic interpretation of "self-defense" ensures that Taiwan's need for arms will never be satiated.

Philippines: Weapons for Peacekeeping?

The United States is slowly welcoming the Philippines back into its security assistance net. The Philippines became somewhat estranged from the U.S. militarily in 1992 when it shut down its U.S. bases. U.S. arms sales dropped significantly, and military aid eventually stopped. But the Philippines are once again asking for arms and military aid, and the U.S. appears happy to oblige. The administration's budget includes $2 million in Foreign Military Financing for the Philippines so it can buy spare parts for its aging U.S. arms, including F-5 aircraft, vehicles, and maritime equipment.

Spare parts are likely to be just the beginning. At a press conference with Defense Secretary Cohen in October 1999, Philippine Defense Secretary Mercado said it had "pressing needs" for light, medium, and heavy lift capability for peacekeeping and search and rescue operations. But these aren't the only operations in which the Philippine military is engaged. The government maintains what the U.S. State Department's 1999 Human Rights Report describes as an "uneasy truce" with Muslim separatists, and violence between the two groups has led to "a variety of human rights abuses by both sides."

Your Tax Dollars at Work:

The FY2001 Military Aid Budget

For every dollar of the Clinton administration's proposed budget for fiscal year 2001, just over a penny will be spent on international affairs. This international pot must pay for U.S. diplomacy, the Peace Corps, humanitarian aid, debt relief, the United Nations—and shiny new weapons for countries like Israel and Egypt. In fact, military aid for these two recipients alone consumes a fifth of the entire $22.8 billion foreign affairs budget.

The State Department uses the same twisted logic to justify large sums of military aid as it does to support U.S. arms sales. Secretary Albright testified to the House International Relations Committee on February 16 that security assistance programs "contribute to the health of America's defense industrial base, take advantage of opportunities to promote democratic practices, and help friends and allies to develop armed forces that are more capable and better able to operate with our own." The rationale is not particularly convincing, but it doesn't need to be: Congress passes most military aid requests easily, even as the rest of the State Department's budget is strapped for cash.

The section below highlights the President's $6.6 billion budget request for foreign military aid programs funded by the State Dept. in FY01. FY00 figures - official estimates of spending based on the budget passed last fall, including any supplemental appropriations - are also listed for comparison. The source for this information is the State Department's Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 2001, online at http://www.state.gov/www/budget/fy2001/fn150/forops_full/index.html. All dollar figures are in thousands unless otherwise indicated.

Total Security Assistance ($ in thousands)

	FY2000 (Estimated)	FY2001 (Requested)
Foreign Military Financing	$4,788,994	$3,538,200
Economic Support Fund	2,792,187	2,313,000
International Narcotics and Crime	303,841	312,000
Nonproliferation, Demining and Anti-Terrorism	215,780	311,500
Int. Military Education and Training	49,810	55,000
Peacekeeping Operations	152,418	134,000
Total	$8,303,030	$6,663,700

Foreign Military Financing

Foreign Military Financing (FMF) is the largest U.S. security assistance program and is explicitly targeted towards underwriting sales of American arms to foreign countries. While the $3.5 billion in proposed FY01 FMF funding appears to be a decrease from FY00 levels, if the FY00 funds for the Wye River peace accord supplemental are excluded, the President's 2001 request actually increases FMF spending by about $100 million.

As usual, Israel and Egypt are apportioned the lion's share (about 93%) of FMF (though Israel is usually allowed to spend a percentage on domestically-produced arms). This is euphemistically referred to as "supporting Middle East peace" (see p. 7 for more nifty euphemisms).

The new NATO members (Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) are slated to receive $30.3 million to help "modernize and meet NATO standards for interoperability." An additional $81.9 million would help other countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union "obtain training and equipment in support of participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace." A new "Africa Regional Stability" line item was added to allow for flexible spending on different crisis areas in Africa. The planned funding for Nigeria is supposed to go towards assisting the Nigerian military "to support democracy building efforts" by learning the principles of civilian control of the military.

Foreign Military Financing ($ in millions)

	FY00 (Estimated)	FY01 (Requested)
Near East	$4,674,215	$3,360,000
Israel	1,920,000	1,980,000
Wye Supplemental	1,200,000	-
Egypt	1,300,000	1,300,000
Supplemental	25,000	-
Jordan	74,715	75,000
Wye Supplemental	150,000	-
Morocco	1,500	2,500
Tunisia	3,000	2,500
E. Europe and CIS	65,750	112,200
New NATO States	20,000	30,300
Partnership for Peace	45,750	78,900
Bosnia	-	3,000
East Asia	1,000	4,000
Mongolia		2,000
Philippines	1,000	2,000
Sub-Saharan Africa	12,034	18,000
East Africa Regional	2,034	-
Africa Regional Stability	-	18,000
Nigeria	10,000	-
Western Hemisphere	3,000	5,000
Other	32,995	39,000
Enhanced Int. Peacekeeping Initiative	2,500	6,000
Administrative Costs	30,495	33,000
Rescission	6,006
Total FMF	$4,795,000	$3,538,200

Economic Support Fund

This category of bilateral aid is a mixed bag: the proposed $2.3 billion would fund a variety of programs designed to promote democracy and economic development. Yet funds to states like Israel and Egypt essentially enable them to allocate more resources to buying arms. In a telling sign of the link between ESF and military aid, a planned decrease in ESF funds to Israel (to whom "economic" aid is increasingly hard to justify) will be offset by increased FMF.

International Narcotics and Law Enforcement

The State Department's $312 million request to combat international narcotics trafficking and crime is a modest increase over the $304 million appropriated for FY00. The bulk of this funding goes toward counternarcotics aid for Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, slated to receive $52, $35, and $48 million in FY01, respectively. Two new initiatives are proposed for 2001: $10 million each for a "law enforcement strategy for Africa" and a "civilian police contingent" composed of volunteer U.S. police officers who would participate in "internationally authorized missions."

In addition, President Clinton is requesting $318 million in FY01 for both State and Defense budgets in support of "Plan Colombia," a counternarcotics/insurgency military aid package. This amount is in addition to the $954 million requested in supplemental State and Defense spending for FY00 (see p. 3 for details).

Non-Proliferation, Demining, and Related Programs

This is another broad budget line, ranging from humanitarian de-mining to support for North Korea's energy sector. The largest single funding category would appropriate $68 million for anti-terrorism assistance, including creation of a dedicated "Center for Antiterrorism and Security Training" for training foreign security personnel. Especially welcome is the new $2 million contribution towards destruction of stockpiled small arms in Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa.

International Military Education and Training

The administration proposes boosting funding for international military training across the board by more than $5 million, increasing the number of foreign students trained this year by 823. This free training would be provided to 128 different countries. A number of African and Asian countries that did not participate in training in FY99 or 00 are slated to receive IMET assistance in 2001, including: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Liberia, Mauritania, Niger, Togo, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. IMET funds are supplemented by foreign military training conducted under the Pentagon’s budget authority.

Peacekeeping Operations

The President's proposed $134 million for peacekeeping will go to a variety of global hot spots, including Kosovo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, East Timor, Haiti, and southern Lebanon. The money may be used for non-lethal military equipment for peacekeeping organizations such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Additionally, $20 million would be earmarked for the African Crisis Response Initiative to train and equip African militaries for peacekeeping missions.

Aid to Colombia: Counter-Narcotics or Counter-Insurgency?

Colombian President Pastrana has requested billions of dollars in U.S. economic and military aid to help Colombia crack down on its flourishing drug trade. Yet most of the coca cultivation in Colombia takes place in the southern territory controlled by leftist guerillas, who have been fighting the Colombian government for the past thirty years in a devastating civil war. Pastrana's "Plan Colombia" involves beefing up the Colombian military in order to vanquish simultaneously the drug traffickers and the rebels who help protect their trade.

The Clinton administration, unfazed by the prospect of crossing the fine line into counter-insurgency, has offered most of the military aid called for in Plan Colombia. Military and police aid account for 81 percent of the administration's proposed aid package, compared to a meager 3 percent for human rights and judicial reform. For the first time, large quantities of U.S. military equipment and training would go the Colombian army, which has committed serious human rights abuses in the past and is known to have ties with the right-wing paramilitaries responsible for the vast majority of current human rights abuses (as well as a significant amount of drug trafficking).

If approved by Congress, the U.S. aid package would provide the Colombian security forces with 30 Black Hawk helicopters, 15 UH-1N Huey helicopters, and funds to sustain Colombia's existing 18 Hueys. It would also support the creation and training of two new counter-narcotics battalions, plus provide construction of a radar command center, aircraft upgrades, small arms and ammunition, and material and operational assistance for intelligence and early-warning activities.

On March 30, 2000, the House passed, 263 to 146, a supplemental appropriations bill for FY00 (H.R. 3908) that includes the Colombia aid package. The bill would appropriate $1.701 billion for counter-narcotics activities, including $1.07 billion for Colombia. This is in addition to the $330 million in assistance already planned for 2000 and 2001, bringing the total two-year aid package for Colombia to $1.337 billion. The House rejected an amendment offered by Rep. Obey (D-WI) to remove $500 million intended to support the Colombian military's "push" into southern, guerrilla-controlled territory. It did, however, approve a minimum of $50 million for the large number of persons expected to be displaced by this offensive. Congress also failed to pass an amendment offered by Rep. Pelosi (D-CA) to provide funding for drug treatment programs in the United States, a counter-drug method shown to be much more cost-effective than interdiction. Fairly weak human rights criteria were also attached to the aid.

The package is now being held up in the Senate by Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-MI), who favors the aid package to Colombia but opposes any extra "emergency" appropriations for 2000. It is likely that Congress will consider aid to Colombia as part of the 2001 foreign aid budget bill, which is normally debated during spring and summer and approved in late summer or early fall.

 

Aid for Colombia: Clinton Administration Proposal vs. Aid Passed by House Appropriations Committee on March 9, 2000 ($ in millions)
	Administration		House of Representatives
Military assistance	$         761.6	56.2%	$         700.7	52.4%
Police assistance	349.2	25.8%	386.7	28.9%
Alternative development	116.5	8.6%	118.0	8.8%
Aid to the displaced*	39.5	2.9%	39.5*	3.0%
Law enforcement / rule of law	46.5	3.4%	45.5	3.4%
Judicial reform	24.0	1.8%	26.5	2.0%
Human rights	17.0	1.3%	19.0	1.4%
Peace	1.0	0.1%	1.0	0.1%
Total	$   1,355.3	100%	$   1,336.9	100%
* Amended in House floor vote to at least $50 million

U.S. Arms Exports: FY1999 and FY2000

Below is a list of new Foreign Military Sales (FMS), or government-to-government, contracts for fiscal year 1999 and predicted new agreements for fiscal year 2000. Also listed are initial figures on shipments of State Department-licensed Direct Commercial Sales (DCS) for FY1999. The DCS numbers are likely to be significantly revised upwards as more information on arms shipments becomes available to the State Department. DCS deliveries for FY2000 are estimates based on current export licenses (Source: Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations FY2001).

Listed below is the State Department's FY01 budget request for International Military Education and Training (IMET), raised this year from $50 to $55 million. Also listed are the estimated budget for FY00 and the number of students expected to be trained in both years. In FY01, the U.S. plans to provide training to 128 countries, including all but seven states of the African continent!

FMS Agreements and DSC Deliveries ($ in thousands)

	FMS Agreements			DCS Deliveries
Country	FY99	FY00 (est.)		FY99	FY00 (est.)
Africa (sub-Saharan)
Angola	$                    -	$             1,000		$               -	$                 1
Benin		300
Botswana	365	650		10	1,390
Burundi
Cameroon		8		1	1,319
Cape Verde	45	100
Central African Republic		160
Chad	500	1,150
Congo					5
Cote d’Ivoire	1,200	500
Djibouti
Eritrea		2,428
Ethiopia		1,500
Gabon		68			5
Ghana	2,155	3,540			4
Guinea	58	30
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya	71	4,000		5	62
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi		1,150
Mali		680
Mauritania					1
Mauritius					5
Mozambique		500
Namibia	30	350			100
Nigeria	231	2,300			64
Reunion					2
Rwanda		350
Sao Tome & Principe		150
Senegal	1,276	13,030			25
Seychelles
Sierra Leone		180
South Africa	388	575		176	6,342
Tanzania		100		48	9
Uganda		1,900			115
Zambia					139
Zimbabwe		350		2	143
Subtotal	$             6,319	$          37,049		$           242	$         9,731
Americas
Antigua & Barbuda	0	330		177	66
Argentina	12,494	11,700		485	25,622
Aruba					18
Bahamas	36	140		1,658	2,904
Barbados		350		9	11
Belize	791	200		0	5
Bermuda					14
Bolivia		2,500			424
Bolivia (counter-narcotics)	1,787	6,500
Brazil	14,769	24,000		1,831	22,512
Canada	76,918	98,000		1,758	78,883
Cayman Islands					15
Chile	4,206	486,500		2,096	5,898
Colombia	3,420	252,000		996	10,458
Colombia (counter-narcotics)	1,099	100,000
Costa Rica		1,750		179	486
Dominica		120
Dominican Republic	441	510		68	3,129
Ecuador				705	6,997
Ecuador (counter-narcotics)	655	3,410
El Salvador	337	2,990		161	1,222
French Guiana				166	346
Grenada		120			4
Guatemala				26	1,249
Guyana		2,300		3	72
Haiti		400			21
Honduras	566	8,000		6	652
Jamaica	165	650		74	152
Mexico	5,651	20,000		5,521	62,335
Netherlands Antilles				2	188
Nicaragua					282
Panama	222	590		39	510
Paraguay	30	75		93	42
Peru	30	3,700		35	3,048
Peru (counter-narcotics)	157
St. Kitts & Nevis	212	120		1	4
St. Lucia		220			14
St. Vincent & Grenadines	3	120			6
Suriname				11	30
Trinidad & Tobago		425		213	117
Uruguay	1,033	1,530		706	549
Venezuela	9,564	10,000		41,966	32,026
Subtotal	$        134,586	$     1,039,250		$      58,985	$     260,311
East Asia & Pacific
Australia	$        422,460	$        357,000		18,650	216,174
Brunei				337	3,725
Cambodia	200	2,000
China (satellites)					750,000
Fiji					2
Hong Kong				1,103	891
Indonesia	1,638			630
Japan	226,450	438,588		118,542	2,202,192
Laos		2,000
Macao				74	35
Malaysia	30,683	11,000		2,811	14,454
New Caledonia				2	84
New Zealand	119,567	30,900		2,130	22,027
Papua New Guinea				58	209
Philippines	9,803	42,000		815	33,082
Singapore	680,943	293,000		10,873	84,577
Solomon Is.					1
South Korea	510,615	800,000		10,711	474,751
Taiwan	559,401	550,000		15,500	200,000
Thailand	46,047	83,500		4,299	32,464
Tonga
Subtotal	$     2,607,807	$     2,609,988		$   186,535	$ 4,034,668
Europe
Albania	$             1,512	$             5,400
Andorra					5
Austria	5,804	179,000		786	22,505
Belgium	60,194	59,000		5,766	2,655
Bosnia-Herz.	3,470	4,000			13,715
Bulgaria	1,005	19,200		721	1
Croatia				751	507
Cyprus				13	2
Czech Rep.	8,831	8,500		37,571	30,881
Denmark	116,300	125,000		1,215	18,120
Estonia	2,658	19,000			253
Faeroe Islands					450
Finland	4,097	238,000		16,203	128,825
France	67,413	140,000		6,874	65,413
Georgia	3,029	10,500			106
Germany	287,479	200,000		12,032	152,689
Greece	393,111	1,187,000		32,044	51,080
Greenland				2	154
Hungary	6,012	8,464		39	196
Iceland				5	5,318
Ireland	45			394	207
Italy	39,859			6,346	189,177
Kazakhstan					42
Kyrgyzstan	901	1,500
Latvia	2,871	11,095			289
Lithuania	393	10,000			822
Luxembourg	2,407	2,000		297	22,085
Macedonia (FYROM)	3,529	5,000			257
Malta		300			21
Moldova	2,255	1,500
Monaco				2	77
Netherlands	96,035	523,900		4,703	132,118
Norway	52,850	62,500		1,841	38,297
Poland	24,140	41,700		546	2,507
Portugal	313,362	10,030		819	10,209
Romania	11,118	10,300		189	10,239
Russia		4,500		34	14,363
Slovakia	2,637	3,500			87
Slovenia	1,912	117,650		797	1,619
Spain	336,557	267,500		4,299	56,349
Sweden	613	3,000		12,657	52,579
Switzerland	82,594	10,000		2,352	26,794
Turkey	358,295	385,400		7,751	27,227
Turkmenistan		600
Ukraine	864	4,000			4
United Kingdom	116,248	162,400		35,034	609,919
Uzbekistan	2,604	1,600			40
Subtotal	$     2,413,004	$     3,912,839		$   192,083	$ 1,688,203
Near East & South Asia
Algeria	$                303	$                500			29,234
Bahrain	11,617	153,000		152	6,147
Bangladesh				181	919
Egypt	2,124,160	1,300,000		623	40,841
India
Israel	2,320,420	1,391,000		4,228	163,829
Jordan	10,445	158,600		169	6,655
Kuwait	478,104	360,000		3,937	29,894
Lebanon	257	500		62	160
Maldives					12
Morocco	3,656	7,300		14	29,943
Nepal				11	148
Oman	4,244	2,000		665	2,309
Pakistan
Qatar				682	2,198
Saudi Arabia	1,388,794	1,276,950		7,581	71,100
Sri Lanka				150	1,234
Tunisia	1,557	4,900		242	1,020
United Arab Emirates	47,959	167,000		1,399	30,755
Yemen	300	314			865
Subtotal	$     6,391,816	$     4,822,064		$      20,096	$     417,263
Non-Regional
Classified Total	569,179	693,000		195,703	1,000,000
Int'l Org's	57,727	77,730		616	355,018
Subtotal	$        653,906	$        770,730		$   196,319	$ 1,355,018
Grand Total	$  12,207,438	$  13,191,920		$   654,260	$ 7,765,194

FY01 Foreign Military Training: 

We've Got the Whole World in Our Hands!

The administration proposes boosting funding for international military training across the board by more than $5 million, increasing the number of foreign students trained this year by 823. This free training would be provided to 128 different countries. A number of African and Asian countries that did not participate in training in FY99 or 00 are slated to receive IMET assistance in 2001, including: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Congo, Liberia, Mauritania, Niger, Togo, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. IMET funds are supplemented by foreign military training conducted under the Pentagon's budget authority. (Source: Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations FY2001).

IMET Funding and Student Numbers ($ in thousands)

	FY00	FY01		FY00	FY01
	$ (est.)	$ (request)		# (est.)	# (request)
Africa
Angola	$          50	$             50		2	2
Benin	350	350		75	75
Botswana	450	500		45	50
Burkina Faso	0	70
Burundi	0	70
Cameroon	150	160		31	33
Cape Verde	100	100		3	3
Cent. African Rep.	90	100		2	2
Chad	50	75		30	46
Congo (Brazzaville)	0	75
Congo (Kinshasa)	40	75		2	3
Cote d’Ivoire	150	100		40	40
Djibouti	100	125		4	5
Eritrea	305	345		7	8
Ethiopia	385	400		5	5
Gabon	50	75		2	3
Ghana	400	425		30	32
Guinea	150	175		7	8
Guinea-Bissau	50	50		2	2
Kenya	400	425		114	121
Lesotho	75	85		78	88
Liberia	0	75
Madagascar	100	125		72	90
Malawi	335	350		103	107
Mali	280	300		44	47
Mauritania	0	75
Mauritius	50	60		2	3
Mozambique	180	200		58	64
Namibia	175	195		10	11
Niger	0	60
Nigeria	600	650		12	15
Rwanda	235	250		39	41
Sao Tome	75	85		2	2
Senegal	735	750		149	152
Seychelles	75	60		20	16
Sierra Leone	50	100
South Africa	800	825		431	445
Swaziland	75	85		5	6
Tanzania	150	175		7	8
Togo	0	50
Uganda	370	385		24	25
Zambia	150	160		51	54
Zimbabwe	300	325		38	41
Africa total	$     8,080	$       9,170		1,516	1,644
East Asia /Pacific
Cambodia	0	100
Fiji	150	160		6	6
Indonesia	0	400		0	65
Laos	0	50
Malaysia	700	700		149	149
Mongolia	500	525		115	121
Papua New Guinea	175	180		96	99
Philippines	1400	1400		222	222
Samoa	100	120		21	25
Solomon Islands	150	150		28	28
Thailand	1600	1560		170	166
Tonga	100	100		28	28
Vanuatu	100	100		45	45
Vietnam	0	50
E. Asia/Pacific total	$     4,975	$       5,595		881	963
Europe
Albania	600	800		116	155
Bosnia and Herz.	600	800		101	134
Bulgaria	1000	1100		121	121
Croatia	500	525		190	199
Czech Republic	1500	1700		218	247
Estonia	700	800		50	57
Greece	25	25		2	2
Hungary	1470	1700		193	223
Latvia	700	750		71	76
Lithuania	700	750		63	67
Macedonia	500	550		79	87
Malta	100	100		7	7
Poland	1600	1700		248	264
Portugal	700	750		126	135
Romania	1100	1300		278	329
Slovakia	650	700		110	118
Slovenia	650	700		75	81
Turkey	1500	1,600		178	190
Europe total	$     2,226	$     16,350		2,226	2,492
NIS
Georgia	400	475		58	69
Kazakhstan	550	600		16	17
Kyrgyzstan	350	400		12	14
Moldova	490	600		46	57
Russian Federation	800	800		39	39
Turkmenistan	300	325		7	7
Ukraine	1300	1500		346	399
Uzbekistan	500	550		13	15
NIS total	$     4,690	$       5,250		537	617
Latin America
Antigua-Barbuda*				19	24
Argentina	700	750		225	241
Bahamas	100	115		13	15
Barbados*				9	10
Belize	250	275		47	52
Bolivia	550	600		78	86
Brazil	225	250		33	36
Chile	450	500		164	182
Colombia	900	1040		600	693
Costa Rica	200	200		44	44
Dominica*				7	8
Dominican Republic	450	450		43	43
Eastern Caribbean	500	560
Ecuador	500	550		142	157
El Salvador	500	525		184	194
Grenada*				6	7
Guatemala	225	250		92	102
Guyana	175	195		16	18
Haiti	275	300		3	4
Honduras	500	525		197	207
Jamaica	450	500		54	60
Mexico	1000	1000		211	211
Nicaragua	200	220		55	61
Panama	100	110		4	4
Paraguay	200	200		53	53
Peru	450	475		71	75
St. Kitts-Nevis*				29	31
St. Lucia*				6	7
St. Vincent & Grenada*				10	11
Suriname	100	100		86	86
Trinidad & Tobago	125	125		13	13
Uruguay	300	300		64	64
Venezuela	400	400		182	182
Latin America total	$     9,825	$     10,515		2,755	2,971
Near East
Algeria	125	125		12	12
Bahrain	225	235		34	35
Egypt	1000	1100		79	87
Jordan	1600	1700		190	201
Lebanon	550	575		162	169
Morocco	900	955		49	52
Oman	225	250		39	43
Tunisia	900	955		113	120
Yemen	125	135		5	6
Near East total	$     5,650	$       6,030		683	725
South Asia
Bangladesh	450	460		89	91
India	450	475		11	12
Maldives	100	110		6	7
Nepal	175	200		12	14
Sri Lanka	225	245		9	10
South Asia total	$     1,750	$       1,490		127	134
General Costs	595	600
Total	$  50,420	$     55,000		8723	9,546

* $ amounts included in Eastern Caribbean figure.

Dictionary of Security Assistance Euphemisms

Official descriptions of U.S. arms sales and military aid programs use a variety of euphemisms to make them sound more palatable to the U.S. public. To avoid any confusion about their true meaning, the ASMP has translated the most commonly used phrases. Look for these terms being used to justify the ongoing "reforms" of the arms export licensing process.

harmonize: reduce controls to the lowest common denominator <We must harmonize export controls with our allies.>

efficiency: sell more weapons more quickly to more countries <The U.S. must increase speed and efficiency in the export licensing process.>

transparency: increase involvement of U.S. arms exporters and foreign buyers in the export control process <We must make the export system more transparent.>

modernize: dismantle, completely overhaul <We aim to modernize arms export regulations.>

interoperability: buy American <European and Middle Eastern countries need to devote more resources to achieving interoperability with U.S. forces.>

EDA Info Online!

After a year and a half hiatus, the Pentagon's Excess Defense Articles (EDA) online database is back in a new, web-friendly format, http://www.dsca.osd.mil/programs/eda/edamain.htm. (EDA are surplus U.S. arms and military equipment given to friendly countries for free or at greatly reduced prices.) Information is available on all EDA transfers for FY 1993-2000. Be prepared for some frustration, however: only one country may be searched at a time, and we have had trouble downloading the data when countries have many EDA transfers.

Look to the next Arms Sales Monitor for a list of recent EDA, or check out our own online database, which covers congressional notifications of EDA, FMS, DCS, and other arms transfers to selected countries at http://www.fas.org/asmp/profiles/world.html.

Government Documents

Listed below are recently published government documents relating to the arms trade. General Accounting Office (GAO) reports are available online at http://info@www.gao.gov/reports.htm. Reports by the Defense Department Inspector General are at http://www.dodig.osd.mil/audit/reports/00report.htm. CRS reports must be requested from a member of Congress.

1999 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, State Dept. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, March 2000, http://www.state.gov/www/global/narcotics_law/1999_narc_report/index.html

Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations for FY 2001, State Department (on-line for the first time at http://www.state.gov/www/budget/fy2001/fn150/forops_full/index.html ).

Current Issues in the Western Hemisphere Region, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Sept. 29, 1999, Serial No. 106-64.

Defense Inventory: Opportunities Exist to Expand the Use of Defense Logistics Agency Best Practices, GAO/NSIAD-00-30, Jan. 26, 2000.

Defense Inventory: Plan to Improve Management of Shipped Inventory Should Be Strengthened, GAO/NSIAD-00-39, Feb. 22, 2000.

Drug Control: U.S. Efforts in Latin America and the Caribbean, GAO/NSIAD-00-90R, Feb. 18, 2000.

Excess Defense Articles: Grants and Sales to Allies and Friendly Countries, Richard F. Grimmett, CRS, Jan. 10, 2000.

Export Licensing at DoD Research Facilities, Defense Dept. Inspector General, D-2000-110, Mar. 24, 2000.

Fiscal Year 2000 Security Assistance Legislation, Kenneth W. Martin and Craig M. Brandt, Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management.

Foreign Military Training & DoD Engagement Activities of Interest, Joint Report of the Defense and State Depts., Mar. 1, 2000

Interagency Review of the Export Licensing Process for Foreign National Visitors, Defense Dept. Inspector General, D-2000-109, Mar. 30, 2000,

National Security Implications of Export Controls, Hearings before the Senate Committee on Armed Services, Feb. 28, 2000, and Mar. 23, 2000.

The Political Futures of Indonesia and East Timor, Joint hearing before the House Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific and the Senate Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Serial No. 106-68, Sept. 9, 1999.

Post-1999 U.S. Security And Counter-Drug Interests In Panama, Hearing before the House International Relations Committee, July 29, 1999, Serial No. 106-73.

Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, CIA, Feb. 2, 2000, http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/bian/bian_feb_2000.html

FAS Arms Sales Monitoring Project

Founded in 1945, the Federation of American Scientists Fund is a public interest organization of natural and social scientists and engineers dedicated to the responsible use of science and technology. Since 1991, the Arms Sales Monitoring Project at the FAS Fund has worked for a reduction in global weapons production and trade.

Tamar Gabelnick, Director of the Project, edits the newsletter with contributions by Research Assistants Anna Rich and Pamina Firchow. You may reproduce and cite this publication freely. A subscription is available from the FAS Fund at 307 Massachusetts Ave, NE, Washington, DC 20002, phone (202) 675-1016.

All newsletters are also found on our website at: http://www.fas.org/asmp/library/armsmonitor.html.