TABLE 3

Of those countries that developed BW after World War II to the stage of weapons acquisition, virtually all either acquired all three categories of weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, and biological), or have acquired at least two categories and have made attempts to acquire the third. Thus:

C The United States, USSR, South Africa, and presumably China procured all three types.

C The United Kingdom and France procured nuclear and chemical weapons, and had offensive biological weapons programs.

C Iraq (prior to 1991) had chemical and biological weapons and was in advanced development of nuclear weapons.

C Israel has nuclear and chemical weapons, and an offensive BW program.

C Iran has chemical and biological weapons, and seeks nuclear weapons.

C Libya has chemical weapons, has sought nuclear weapons for decades, and is seeking biological weapons.

C Syria has chemical weapons and an offensive biological weapons program.

C North Korea has chemical weapons, has sought nuclear weapons, and (accepting the Russian assessment) apparently has biological weapons.

C India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. India has chemical weapons; its biological weapons capabilities are unknown.

According to a statement by former CIA Director James Woolsey in 1994, nations developing and procuring BW have usually done so following their procurement of CW, and it has frequently been stated that various Arab states in the Middle East developed chemical weapons because Israel possessed nuclear weapons. There are no statements or analyses that have extended this rationale specifically to their development of biological weapons as well, although it is an easy, logical extension to make. Note Anthony Cordesman=s phrase, ANations that are interested in biological weapons are already interested because they offer an alternative to nuclear weapons....@ It would not be altogether surprising if one learned that some government policy group in these countries that had considered or was urging the acquisition of nuclear weapons had spun off the suggestion to develop biological weapons. Nevertheless, nothing is publicly known regarding the policy decisions in these states regarding BW development.]