JASA Standards Handbook Version 2.0

30 October 1997

APPENDIX B

GLOSSARY

	A
Accuracy	The degree to which something corresponds to that of an accepted definition. [5] The quality of freedom from mistake or error, that is, of conformity to truth or rule, or to an international standard. [10]
Active-Array Radar	An array in which all or parts of the elements are equipped with their own transmitter or receiver or both. [24]
Amplitude Modulation (AM)	A modulation technique in which the amplitude of the signal carries the information. [13] A type of modulation in which the carrier is modulated in a discrete or continuous pattern for the duration of the pulse. [14]
Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK)	A form of digital modulation that uses both amplitude and phase modulation. [12]
Analysis	A process in the production step of the intelligence cycle in which intelligence information is subjected to systematic examination in order to identify significant facts and derive conclusions. [3]
Angle of Arrival (AOA)	The horizontal component, sometimes referred to as the Azimuth of Arrival, of the angle with respect to North or a "mark" or a point on an array or platform or system from which an emitter's RF wavefront appears to arrive (can be corrupted by multipath, diffraction, etc.).
Application Platform	The collection of hardware and software components that provide the services used by support and mission-specific software applications. [9]
Application Programmer Interface (API)	A documented interface designed to allow the programmer of a client process to access the capabilities of a server. Typically these take the form of a library and header file that are linked and included respectively into the application. The documentation is in the form of manual pages, and may be supplemented by more descriptive documentation.[25]
Architecture	1) System model with well defined functions, design rules, and interface standards [1] 2) The structure of components, their interrelationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time. (IEEE STD 610.12) [9] 3) Organizational structure of a system or component. (IEEE STD 610.12) [9] 4) An architecture is a composition of (1) components (including humans) with their functionality defined (Technical), (2) requirements that have been configured to achieve a prescribed purpose or mission (Operational), and (3) their connectivity with the information flow defined (System). [28]
Architecture, Database	The logical view of the data models, data standards, and data structure. It includes a definition of the physical databases for the information system, their performance requirements, and their geographical distribution. (DoD 8020.1-M, Appendix J) [9]
Area of Interest (AOI)	That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes area occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission. [21]
Assignment	The selection of a solution paradigm to achieve the optimization defined in the correlation step, resulting in the assignment of sensor data to entities. [14]
Association	The definition and calculation of a closeness metric on which the assignment of sensor data items to entities will be decided. [21]
Attitude	Inclination of the three principal axes of an aircraft relative to the wind, to the ground, etc.
Attribute	An identity or class-revealing characteristic of an object as either measured by a sensor or derived from the sensor data. [21]
Automated Copy	Upon detection, a signal is collected without operator intervention.
Automated Search	See Search.
Automatic Link Establishment (ALE)	Feature used to establish HF links automatically. [13]
Autonomous Operations	Independent collection, processing, and timely reporting of intelligence data by the airborne sensor when datalink line of sight or satellite tether operations with a remoted processing facility are not available or desired. [7]
Availability	The probability that system functional capabilities are ready for use by a user at any time, where all time is considered, including operations, repair, administration, and logistic time. Availability is further defined by system category for both routine and priority operations. (JOPES ROC) [9]
Average Bearing	1) Formally; the quotient obtained when the number of observations divides the arithmetic total of all bearings on a target. 2) In DF operations, commonly considered the average of usable bearings. [6]
	B
Bandwidth	Range of frequencies passed by a filter or an electrical system. Bandwidth is defined such that it includes the portion lying between the points at which the power has dropped to half (3 dB) the center of the band.
Baseline	A specification or product that has been formally reviewed and agreed upon, that thereafter serves as the basis for further development, and that can be changed only through formal change control procedures or a type of procedure such as configuration management. (IEEE STD 610.12) [9]
Baud	A unit of signaling speed equal to the number of discrete conditions or signal events per second. For example, one baud equals one half dot cycle per second in Morse code, one bit per second in a train of binary signals, and one 3-bit value per second in a train of signals each of which can assume one of 8 different states. The bit rate and baud are not synonymous and shall not be interchanged in usage. Preferred usage is bit rate, with baud used only when the details of a communication modem or channel are specified. [10]
Bearing	In DF, an indication of the horizontal direction from which a target's signal is received, expressed by the angle in degrees between a pre-established direction, usually true north, and the apparent direction of the target. Preferred term for line of bearing. [6]
Best Point Estimate (BPE)	A reference point, located within a fix-confidence region, which is derived from evaluation of three or more bearings and is used in determining the shape and area of the region. Preferred term for "fix point." [6]
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)	A modulation technique in which the instantaneous frequency is shifted between two discrete values called the mark and space frequencies. [13]
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)	A form of modulation that uses absolute encoding of the original binary waveform to create two phase states which are 180 degrees apart. [12]
Bit	1) An abbreviation of binary digit. [10] 2) A single occurrence of a character in a language employing exactly two kinds of characters. [10] 3) A unit of storage capacity. The capacity, in bits, of a storage device with logarithm to the base two of the number of possible states of the device. [10]
Bit Error Ratio (BER)	The ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits transmitted in a given time interval. BER may be measured directly by detecting errors in a known signal, or approximated from code violations or framing bit errors. Numerical values of error ratio should be expressed in the form n*10p, where "p" is an integer greater than zero. When "n" is omitted, the implied value is 1. [10]
Bit Rate (BR)	1) The rate of data throughput on the medium (in b/s or Hz, whichever is more appropriate to the context). [10] 2) The number of bits transmitted per unit of time, usually expressed in bits per second (bps). [10]
Built In Test (BIT)	Detailed system, sub-system, or box level internal tests. The primary means of isolating faults to broken or out-of-tolerance Line Replaceable Units
Burst Transmission	1) A communications scheme in which data is compressed over time and transmitted in a fraction of the time it would have taken to transmit the data in real-time. As an example, in a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) system a terminal transmits only during its allocated time slot. 2) A communications scheme in which a transmission is on the air long enough to complete the transmission of a relatively brief message. An example is command and control communications. In this case, the data may or may not be compressed in time. 3) Doing #1 or #2 above to deny unauthorized access to the signal (low probability of intercept). [7]
Byte	1 (signals and paths, microcomputer system bus) A group of eight adjacent bits operated on as a unit. [10] 2) (signals and paths, 696 interface devices) A set of bit-parallel signals corresponding to binary digits operated on as a unit. Connotes a group of eight bits where the most significant bit carries the subscript 7 and the least significant bit carries the subscript 0. [10]
	C
C4I Tactical Data Link (C4I TDL)	A link that connects C4I systems for the purpose of transmitting and receiving tactical data. It is made up of separate elements that permit the transfer of data. The physical hardware or devices forming the communications equipment/medium (e.g., radio, data communications protocols) and data processor, and the message standard (e.g., message formats, data elements, and protocols) and operational procedures that permit end-to-end transfer, acceptance, and use of digital information. Key characteristics include:
1.	Computer-to-computer data exchange. Information must be processed before use by the warfighter.
2.	Digital information structure. Typically bit-oriented, but may include characters bit-encoded messages for transmission.
3.	Real-time or near-real-time information exchange. [26]
Carrier Frequency	The frequency of the carrier wave. [13]
Characterization of Environment	Mapping signal levels, activity, direction/geolocation, etc., for a given area.
Characterization of Signal	Determining enough parameters of a signal to allow subsequent collection and processing (e.g., center frequency, bandwidth, modulation, baud rate).
Circular Error Probable (CEP)	An indicator of the delivery accuracy of a weapon system, used as a factor in determining probable damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle within which half of a missile's projectiles are expected to fall. [21]
Circular Fix-confidence Region	A fix-confidence region which is described by a best point estimate expressed in coordinates of latitude and longitude, and the radius (in units of linear measure) of a circle centered on that point. Preferred term for "circular error of probability." [6]
Classification	1) The determination by any means whereby the identity, class, or category of an entity (person, object, or target) is provided (e.g., naval class, country of origin, aircraft type, etc.). [21] 2) Determination of modulation scheme.
Cochannel Copy	Interception (q. v.) in the presence of another (or multiple) signal(s) within the information bandwidth.
Cochannel DF	Direction Finding (q. v.) in the presence of another (or multiple) signal(s) within the processing bandwidth.
Cochannel Interference	1) Interference caused in one communication channel by a transmitter operating in the same channel. [10] 2) More than one source of RF energy within a given signal channel.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)	Means by which a group of stations representing several different communications links may share a repeater or other terminal; achieved by assigning each link a different spectrum spreading code to avoid interference. [11] A multiple access technique that uses a pseudorandom code to spread each individual transmission over the entire bandwidth. [13]
Code Generator	A device that determines the sequence of frequency hops in a frequency hopping signal. [13]
Cold Start	A complete restart of a system or subsystem to a baseline setting
Collateral	All national security information classified under the provisions of an Executive Order for which Special Intelligence community systems or compartmentation (i.e., sensitive compartmented information) are not formally established. [21]
Collect	1) In SIGINT, when used generically, to search, acquire, monitor, and record electromagnetic emissions. Contrast with intercept. Note: Collection implies the keeping and using of the material collected. Intercept, on the other hand, is not limited until and unless it becomes collection. [14] 2) In SIGINT, to record electromagnetic emissions onto specified media. Preferred term for "copy" (def 1). [14] 3) Tune to a signal/frequency and capture (digitize, record) a specified length (fixed time, as long as signal is above threshold, etc.) of what is present.
COMINT	Communications Intelligence.
Commercial Item
1.	Any item customarily used by the general public, that has been sold, leased, or licensed to the general public, or that has been offered for sale, lease or license to the general public.
2.	Any item that evolved from an item described in 1) above through advances in technology or performance that is not yet available in the commercial market, but will be available in time to meet the delivery requirements of the solicitation.
3.	Any item that, but for modifications of a type customarily available in the commercial market or minor modifications made to meet DoD requirements, would satisfy the criteria in 1 or 2 above.
4.	Any combination of items meeting the requirements of 1, 2, or 3 above or 5 below that are of a type customarily combined and sold in combination to the general public.
5.	Installation services, maintenance services, repair services, training services, and other services if such services are procured for support of any item referred to paragraphs 1, 2, 3, or 4, above, if the sources of such services:
­	Offer such services to the general public and the DoD simultaneously and under similar terms and conditions and
­	Offers to use the same work force for providing the DoD with such services as the source used for providing such services to the general public.
6.	Services offered and sold competitively, in substantial quantities, in the commercial marketplace based on established catalog prices of specific tasks performed and under standard commercial terms and conditions.
7.	Any item, combination of items, or service referred to in 1 through 6 above not- withstanding the fact that the item or service is transferred between or among separate divisions, subsidiaries, or affiliates of a contractor.
8.	A non-developmental item developed exclusively at private expense and sold in substantial quantities, on a competitive basis, to State and local governments. (The NDI Handbook DoD 5000.37H, 30 June 1995 draft) [28]
Commercial-like Product	See Commercial Item. [28]
Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)	1) Refers to an item of hardware or software that has been produced by a contractor and is available for general purchase. Such items are at the unit level or higher. Such items must have been sold and delivered to government or commercial customers, must have passed customer's acceptance testing, be operating under customer's control, and within the user environment. Further, such items must have meaningful reliability, maintainability, and logistics historical data. [9] 2) See Commercial Item. [28]
Commercial Product	See Commercial Item. [28]
Common	Modules can be used without modification to build a scalable system. [8]
Common Operating Environment (COE)	The runtime environment. It allows segments developed by separate developers to function together as an integrated system. [based on 25]
Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI)	This is the software level lowest in the JMCIS attention range. The CSCI is one or more executable or data files that fill a set of user requirements. CSCI components do not have meaning on their own to the end user. Their components only have meaning to developers. [25]
Connectivity	The existence of physical or virtual links required for interoperability. [35]
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)	1) An atomic time scale that is the basis for broadcast time signals. Coordinated Universal Time differs from International Atomic Time by an integral number of seconds; it is maintained within 0.9 seconds of UT1 by introduction of Leap Seconds. The rotational orientation of the Earth, specified by UT1, may be obtained to an accuracy of a tenth of a second by applying the UTC to the increment DUT1 (where DUT1 = UT1 - UTC) that is broadcast in code with the time signals. [22] 2) An internationally agreed-upon time scale having the same rate as Atomic Time. UTC is corrected in one-second step adjustments, as needed, to remain within 0.7 seconds of Astronomical Time (UT1). [5]
Copy	1) In SIGINT, the preferred terms are collect and intercept. Copy is operator slang for the process of collection or intercept. 2) The material produced as the result of collection. [14]
Core	Core is a designation that indicates that a particular piece of software is depended upon by a large body of other CSCI. Changes to such components require significant consideration by a configuration control board that represents the needs of the client software producers.[25]
Correlation	The structural, functional, or qualitative correspondence between comparable entities; a decision-making process which employs an association metric as a basis for allocating or assigning sensor measurements and/or reports to the hypothesized entities of interest. [21]
Correlation/Tracker Algorithms	Algorithms or systems which perform the process of correlation and tracking. These processes are typically derived from modern estimation theory and operate on kinemetric data or estimates to produce a statistically-optimal, fused estimate of an object's postion. [21]
Cueing	A collection asset management technique whereby coarse grain (detection, general location, and possible recognition) information obtained from wide areas surveillance systems is used to concentrate the efforts of secondary sensor systems with more detailed information gathering capability to obtain fine grain (location, recognition, and possibly identification) information in order to identify the composition of enemy units for decision-making purposes and to acquire targets. [21]
Cut	1) In DF, the lines of bearing. 2) A recording of a single intercept of a single signal.
Critical Failure	The failure of any component, or set of components, which causes the complete loss of system functionality or the loss of principle assigned mission functions.
Cryptologic Material	Documents, equipment, and devices used in signals intelligence or communications security. [3]
Continuous Wave (CW)	1) Unmodulated RF carrier, either normal on or sometimes (HF usage) on-off keyed. 2) In ELINT, a pulse (modulated or unmodulated) greater than a specified duration. 3) A modulated RF signal that is almost always on.
	D
Data Element	A basic unit of information built on standard structures having a unique meaning and distinct units or values. (Joint Pub 1-02) [26]
Data Fusion	A process dealing with the association, correlation, and combina-tion of data and information from single and multiple sources to achieve refined position and identity estimates, and complete and timely assessments of situations and threats as well as their significance. [21]
Data Fusion Functional Levels	Level 1 products are those which specify position, identity, and amplifying kinematic and classification characteristics such as features. Level 2 products are those which specify relationships among entities such as tactical intent and estimate lethality. Level 2 processes generally perform contextual analyses of the Level 1 products by employing numerous a priori databases. Level 2 fusion results in a Situation Assessment which includes various behavioral characteristics of the hostile force (events and activities analyses). Level 3 products provide a Threat Assessment by estimating hostile force lethality and intent and other higher level intelligence functions. [21]
Dehop	Despreading of frequency hopper to collapse signal into its information bandwidth.
Deinterleave	1) In ELINT, separation of pulses into trains of pulses from a common emitter. 2) In COMINT, reordering of/processing of bits to restore original order of bits (e.g., block error code deinterleavers).
Delta Modulation (DM)	A form of digital modulation that encodes an analog signal by measuring and transmitting the signal's slope polarity. [12]
Demodulation	1) The process of recovering the modulating waveform from a modulated carrier. [14] 2) The process which restores a modulated signal to its original form. [12] Multiple levels of modulation may be present in complex signals.
Depression Angle	An angle of arrival of a received signal at an airborne platform measured below the horizontal plane. [6]
Detail Specification	A specification that specified traceable design requirements, such as materials to be used, how a requirement is to be achieved, or how an item is to be fabricated or constructed. A specification that contains both performance and detail requirements is still considered a detail specification. (MIL-STD-961D modified by OSJTF 1995) [28]
Detect	An output of a discriminating process indicating signal plus noise rather than noise.
Detection	1) Decision that the received output is due to signal plus noise rather than noise alone.2) In tactical operations, the perception of an object of possible military interest, but unconfirmed by recognition. [21] 3) In surveillance, the determination and transmission by a surveillance system that an event has occurred. [21] 4) In arms control, the first step in the process of ascertaining the occurrence of a violation of an arms control agreement (JCS). [21]
Diagnostics	Functional tests directed at specific operations to further isolate failures to a single Line Replaceable Unit
Differential Doppler (DD)	The difference in absolute frequency of a signal received at two points.
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)	A form of digital modulation that transmits information based on phase shifts relative to preceding phase changes in the carrier. [12]
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)	Performing various operations, such as filtering, on signals after they have been converted to a stream of digital numbers. [24]
Direct Current (dc)	1) Unidirectional current; as used in IEEE Std 400-1991, the term denotes a practically nonpulsating current. [10] 2) The time average value of the current in the dc link. [10]
Directed Search	See Search.
Direction Finding (DF)	The process of determining the azimuth of an emitter by the use of a direction finder. [6]
Dissemination	The timely distribution of intelligence products (in oral, written, or graphic form) to intelligence consumers in a suitable form. [21]
Distributed Database	1) A database that is not stored in a central location but is dispersed over a network of interconnected computers. [10] 2) A database under the overall control of a central database management system but whose storage devices are not all attached to the same processor. [10] 3) A database that is physically located in two or more distinct locations. (FIPS PUB 11-3) [9]
Distributed Processing	A design in which all data is not processed in one processor. Multiple processors in the master station or in the remote stations, or both, share the functions. [10]
Distributed System	A computer system in which several interconnected computers share the computing tasks assigned to the system. [10]
Domain	A Domain is a grouping of related items within a certain area of interest. DoD domains include Operational Domains (e.g., Joint Strike, Strategic Deterrence) and Functional Domains (e.g., communications, navigation, fire control). (TRI-SERVICE Open Systems Architecture Working Group) [28]
Doppler shift	Change in the frequency of a wave caused by motion of its source or the observer. [11]
Double Sideband Amplitude Modulation (DSB-AM)	A form of amplitude modulation that transmits both the upper and lower sidebands of the modulated signal. [12]
Duct	A region in the troposphere which can trap radio waves. [11]
Duty Cycle	1) Of an emitter - in any system with intermittent or pulsed operation, the ratio of the active or on time to the duration of the specified period. In systems with a periodic repetition cycle it is the ratio of the on time during one cycle to the total period of one cycle. 2) Of a signal - The ratio of the on or non-zero valued time interval to the total time interval for a (usually) periodic feature of a signal. Depending upon the structure of the signal, it can have several duty cycles, one for each feature.
Dwell Time	The amount of time that a carrier frequency remains constant in a frequency hopping signal. (Also called hop interval or hopping period.) [13]
Dynamic Calibration	Performed during actual mission. This process corrects for any environmental or platform oriented-biases and/or ambiguities. It is required in systems where fine-resolution measurements are needed for signal intercept and direction finding. The calibration tables relate to parametric changes in measurement components brought about by variations in temperature caused by changes in platform elevation.
Dynamic Range	1) The difference in decibels between the overload level and the minimum acceptable signal level in a system or transducer. Note The minimum acceptable signal level of a system or transducer is ordinarily fixed by one or more of the following noise level, low-level distortion, interference, or resolution level. [10] 2) The range measured in dB from the noise floor to the 1-dB compression point (the input RF power level at which conversion loss increases by 1 dB).
	E
Electronic attack	That division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability. Also called EA. EA includes: 1) actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic deception, and 2) employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams). [32]
Electronic Countermeasures (ECM)	Any electronic technique designed to deny detection or accurate information to a radar. [24]
Electronic Order of Battle	A listing of noncommunications electronic devices including site designation, nomenclature, location, site function, and any other pertinent information obtained from any source and which has military significance when related to the devices. [21]
Electronic Warfare Support	That division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, and operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose immediate threat recognition. Thus electronic warfare support provides information required for immediate decisions involving electronic warfare operations and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing. Also called ES. Electronic warfare support data can be used to produce signals intelligence (SIGINT), both communications intelligence (COMINT), and electronics intelligence (ELINT). [33]
ELINT	Electronics Intelligence Technical and intelligence information derived from foreign non-communications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than atomic detonation or radioactive sources. [3] [21]
Elliptical Fix-confidence Region	A fix confidence region which is described by a best point estimate expressed in coordinates of latitude and longitude, the lengths of the semimajor axis and semiminor axis of the ellipse in units of linear measure, and the azimuthal orientation of the axis in degrees, with regard to true north. Preferred term for "elliptical error of probability." [6]
Encapsulation (a.k.a. Data Encapsulation)	Data is said to be encapsulated when access to the data (either for reading or manipulating) is restricted to calls through functions. In this way the programmer of the client software is unaware (either practically or more often just due to lack of direct access) of the actual implementing details of the data structures he or she is utilizing. As a result, the implementation may be modified without invalidating the client programs as long as the interfacing function calls have not changed and as long as the behavior of the server has not altered. [25]
Encryption	A technique used to encode or scramble data in order to enhance message security. [13]
Environmental Map	A process by which the frequency spectrum of interest is searched for emitters. Once energy is detected, the mapping consists of identifying the signal type (classification) and locating its source geographically. [7]
Environmental Search	Searching a frequency range and logging all energy (frequency, bandwidth) and its direction of arrival or, preferably, its geolocation.
Epoch (time)	A selected instant in time used as a reference point. [5]
Evolution	A process of continuous change from a lower, simpler, or worse to a higher, more complex, or better state. [20]
Evolutionary Acquisition (EA)	An acquisition strategy approach in which a core capability is fielded, with a system design that has a modular structure and provisions for future upgrades and changes as requirements are refined. An EA strategy is well suited to high technology and software intensive programs where requirements beyond a core capability can generally, but not specifically, be defined. [34]
Evolutionary Acquisition/ Development	An alternate approach to developing systems to that of structured development. Evolutionary techniques create interim deliverables that allow the user to get some of the capabilities of the final system earlier. This allows the user to help better define requirements for the system by creating a frame of reference that both the user and the developer can understand. In developing such systems, opportunities for reuse can come from bottom-up analysis. [25]
Exploit	To obtain intelligence information from a signal. This includes information which characterizes the signal itself (parameters), or information which is being conveyed by the signal (voice or data).
Exploitation	The process of obtaining intelligence information from any source and taking advantage of it for intelligence purposes. [21]
External Environment Interface (EEI)	The interface that supports information transfer between the application platform and the external environment. (APP) [9]
	F
Fading	The variation of radio field intensity due to changes in the transmission medium and transmission path. [13]
Failure	A hardware or software anomaly which results in an inability to perform a specific mission function and which generates a documented job assignment for maintenance action
False Alarm	1) In maintenance, whenever the system indicates a failure has occurred and, in fact, there is no failure. 2) In signal detection, whenever the detector indicates an event has occurred and, in fact, no event has occurred.
Fast Frequency Hopping	There is a frequency hop for each transmitted symbol. [18]
Feature	1) In cartography, any object or configuration of ground or water represented on the face of the map or chart (JCS). 2) Generically, any identity or class-revealing characteristic of an entity as either measured by a sensor or derived from sensor data. [21]
First Syllable Detection	For a limited set of a priori frequencies, the capability of detecting a signal and providing audio to the operator within the first syllable of conversation.
FISINT	Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence. Technical and intelligence information derived from intercept of foreign instrumentation signals. [3]
Fix	1) The best point estimate of the intersection of three or more bearings. 2) To locate a target with a required degree of accuracy. 3) Pertaining to the capability to plot a fix. [6]
Fix-confidence Region	A geographic area which has been computed by a fixing algorithm or the use of manual plotting procedures and in which a given target(s) is presumed to be located to a given degree of probability (usually 90% probable). The region is described by (1) the geographic coordinates of the best point estimate for the target(s), and (2) depending on its shape, by a radius given in units of linear measure (circle) or a semimajor axis and semiminor axis and the azimuthal orientation of the target in degrees, with regard to true north (ellipse or rectangle). The area may also be given if the regions are elliptical or rectangular. The radius of a circle equivalent in size to the given ellipse is also provided. [6]
Forward Line of Own Troops (FLOT)	A line which indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time. The FLOT normally identifies the forward location of covering and screening forces (JCS). [21]
Frame	A portion of a signal which displays a repetitive characteristic. [12]
Frequency Adaptivity	The ability to choose frequencies by evaluating frequency availability and environmental conditions. [13]
Frequency Agility	The ability to move from one frequency to another quickly and easily. [13]
Frequency Diversity	A technique where the same information is transmitted on different frequencies at the same time. [13]
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)	Means by which a group of stations representing several different communications links may share a repeater or other terminal; achieved by dividing the terminal's frequency range among the links. [11]
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)	Process by which the frequency spectrum of a communications channel is divided into portions for the purpose of placing several information channels within it. [11]
Frequency Hopping (FH)	A type of spread spectrum signal modulation in which the transmitted frequency hops from one frequency to another in a pseudorandom manner. [13]
Frequency Hopping/Direct Sequence (FH/DS)	A hybrid spread spectrum modulation technique in which the carrier of a direct sequence signal follows a frequency hopping pattern. [13]
Frequency Hopping Pattern	The sequence of frequencies selected in a frequency hopping system. (Also called frequency hopping sequence.) [13]
Frequency Modulation (FM)	Variation of the frequency of the carrier proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the information or modulating signal. [13]
Frequency Scanning (Frescan)	A radar technique whereby different beam positions are associated with different frequencies. [13]
Frequency Separation	The distance between any two adjacent carrier frequencies.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)	A form of digital modulation that transmits a separate frequency for each discrete signal state. [12]
Frequency/Time Hopping	A hybrid spread spectrum modulation technique in which the frequency of a transmitted burst changes from one time slot to the next. [13]
Full Duplex	Capability for simultaneous two-way transmissions over a communications link. [11]
Functional Architecture	The framework for developing applications and defining their interrelationships in support of an organization's information architecture. It identifies the major functions or processes an organization performs and their operational interrelationships. (DoD5000.11-M) [9]
Fusion Reporting	In SIGINT use, the term "fusion" refers to the process of integrating or combining information from more than one source to the extent that each source loses its individual identity in the product. [3]
	G
General Search	See Search.
Geolocate	The process of establishing the geographical location of a signal of interest. [6], [8]
Gisting	The act of an operator/analyst determining and recording the sense or main thought of a transmission rather than producing a verbatim text.
GPS Time	The integer and fraction number of seconds that have passed since midnight Saturday night/Sunday morning.
Graceful Degradation	One function/sub-function/module ceasing proper operation does not imply that other functions/sub-functions/modules also cease proper operation.
Ground Station	A facility on the ground or sea which supports or conducts operations of an airborne asset; may generically apply to a facility on an aircraft which is used to control assets on another aircraft.
	H
Half Duplex	Capability for only one-way transmission at any one time over a communications link. [11]
Heading	The direction of a ship, aircraft, or other object with reference to true, magnetic, compass, or grid north. [6]
High Band Prototype	Prototype JASS hardware building on SENIOR SMART and SENIOR SMART technology insertion efforts. Will demonstrate modular/reconfigurable hardware and software, commercial off the shelf computer processors, and multi-channel and wide band ELINT functional capabilities.
High Capacity Multichannel	A historical division of multichannel systems within the SIGINT community, referring to those systems with more than either 120 or 132 (definition varied between using organizations) channels.
Hop Interval	The amount of time that a frequency remains constant in a frequency hopping signal. (Also called dwell time.) [13]
Hybrid Spread Spectrum Modulation	A modulation technique that combines two or more spread spectrum modulation techniques. [13]
	I
Identification (ID)	1) In SIGINT, determination of the type of emitter generating an intercepted signal. 2) The process of determining the friendly or hostile character of an unknown detected contact. [21] 3) In arms control, the process of determining which nation is responsible for the detected violations of any arms control measure. [21] 4) In combat operations, discrimination between recognizable objects as being friendly or enemy, or the name that belongs to the object as a member of a class (e.g., IFF, NCTI, NCTR) (JCS). [21]
Identification Friend or Foe (IFF)	Equipment used for transmitting radio signals between two stations located on ships, aircraft, or ground, for automatic identification. [24]
Impulse Waveform	A unidirectional surge generated by the release of electric energy into an impedance network. [24]
Information Exchange Requirements (IER)	A statement of the need to exchange information between two (or more) entities, organizations, command and control facilities, etc. The information to be exchanged must be specified in the context of mission areas. [26]
Information Warfare	Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversary information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks while leveraging and defending one's own information, information-based processes, information systems, and computer-based networks.
Instantaneous Bandwidth (IBW)	1) The bandwidth centered around the carrier frequency for one hopping period in a frequency-hopping signal. [24] 2) For a receiver, same as bandwidth (q.v.). 3) For a SIGINT system, the total continuous signal bandwidth available for signal processing. When the system instantaneous bandwidth is greater than the bandwidth of a single receiver, the system instantaneous bandwidth is established by tuning a sufficient number of receivers to center frequencies slightly less than one receiver bandwidth apart and combining each receiver's bandwidth output to form a continuous whole.
Intelligence Analysis	A larger view process encompassing Situation Abstraction, Situation Assessment, and Threat Assessment for intelligence purposes.
	Situation Abstraction - The construction of a generalized or specialized representation of a situation from all available (yet perhaps incomplete) data.
	Situation Assessment - The process of interpreting and expressing the environment based on Situation Abstraction products and information from technical and doctrinal data bases. The Situation Assessment produces estimates of the situation elements, those information items that in the aggregate form the assessment. This process generally reveals constituency/dependency relations among the elements, and the behavioral activities of the objects within the scope of the estimate.
	Threat Assessment - A multi-perspective process of interpreting estimates of lethality and risk. Done in terms of the ability of our own forces to engage the enemy effectively, and indications and warning of enemy intentions. Produced by coupling products Situation Assessment with the information provided by a variety of technical and doctrinal data bases. [21]
Intelligence Cycle	The processes by which information is acquired and converted into intelligence and made available to customers. There are usually five steps in the cycle:
	Planning and Direction - Determination of intelligence requirements, preparation of a collection plan, issuance of orders and requests to information collection entities, and a continuous check on the productivity of collection entities.
	Collection - Acquisition of information or intelligence information, and the processing of the information into a form more suitable for the production of intelligence.
	Processing - Conversion of collected information and/or intelligence into a form more suitable for the production of intelligence.
	Production - Conversion of information or intelligence information into finished intelligence through the integration, analysis, evaluation, and/or interpretation of all available data and the preparation of intelligence products in support of known or anticipated customer requirements.
	Dissemination - Conveyance of intelligence in suitable form to customers. [21]
Intercept	In SIGINT, to acquire electromagnetic emissions intended for others without obtaining the consent of the originator or the intended addressees. Preferred term for copy (def 1). Contrast with collect (def 1). Note - intercept is not limited until and unless it becomes collection. Collection, on the other hand, implies the keeping and using of the material collected. [14]
Interface Standard	A standard that specifies the physical or functional interface characteristics of systems, subsystems, equipment, assemblies, components, items or parts to permit interchangeability, interconnection, interoperability, compatibility, or communications. (MIL-STD-962C draft dated 14 June 1995) [28]
Interference	1) Any signal or electromagnetic disturbance that hinders the reception of a desired signal. [13] 2) In a signal transmission path, either extraneous power which tends to interfere with the reception of the desired signals or the disturbance of signal with the reception of the desired signals or the disturbance of signal which results. [10] 3) In optics, the interaction of two or more beams of coherent or partially coherent light. [10]
Intermediate Frequency	1) A frequency to which a signal wave is shifted locally as an intermediate step in transmission or reception. [10] 2) The frequency resulting from a frequency conversion before demodulation. [10]
Intermodulation	The modulation of the components of a complex wave by each other. As a result, waves are produced that have frequencies equal to the sums and differences of integral multiples of those of the components of the original complex wave. [10]
Intermodulation Distortion	Nonlinear distortion of a system or transducer characterized by the appearance in the output of frequencies equal to the sums and differences of integral multiples of the two or more component frequencies present in the input wave. Harmonic components also present in the output are usually not included as part of the intermodulation distortion. When harmonics are included, a statement to that effect should be made. [10]
Interoperability	1) Ability of systems, units, or forces to provide services to, and accept services from, other systems, units, or forces, and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together. 2) The condition achieved among communications- electronics systems when information services can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily between them and/or their users. The degree of interoperability should be defined when referring to specific cases. [1] 3) The ability of two or more systems or components to exchange data and use information. (IEEE STD 610.12) [28]
	J
J-Series Family of Tactical Data Links	The family of data links based on common data elements, consisting primarily of the J-Series data elements, J-Series messages, and the communications protocols and hardware for Link 16 (TADIL J), Link 22, and VMF, as well as point-to-point, multi-point, and radio/satellite broadcast J-Series data link capabilities developed in the future. [26]
JASA Compliant	Conforms to the Joint Airborne SIGINT Architecture. In particular, complies fully with the established standards and interfaces approved for JASA.
JASA Compliant System	Fully satisfies a platform's operational requirements and conforms to the JASA.
Jitter (timing)	The movement of zero crossings of a signal (digital or analog) from its expected times of occurrence.
Joint Airborne SIGINT Architecture (JASA)	An open systems architecture that will facilitate airborne SIGINT system modernization and interoperability. JASA will support the implementation of a family of modular, functional SIGINT capabilities through standardized airborne SIGINT components, enhancing interoperability, and supportability while reducing duplicative development efforts. Its system model is defined by the JASA Functional Reference Model and the standard and interfaces recommended by the JASA Standards Working Group.
Joint Airborne SIGINT System	The former name for a partial implementation of the Joint Airborne SIGINT Architecture. Now replaced by Joint SIGINT Avionics Family.
Joint SIGINT Avionics Family	The evolutionary acquisition program which is building elements to implement JASA in the DoD airborne SIGINT fleet. JSAF includes hardware and software prime mission equipment, platform Group A, related data links, and surface modules. JSAF employs the JASA open systems approach with non-proprietary standard interfaces and protocols to provide hardware and software commonality, modularity, and reconfigurability. There may be several configurations based upon each platform's Operational Require-ments Document (ORD) and physical constraints.
	K
Key Encryption Key (KEK)	Key used in rekey procedures to wrap (encrypt) or unwrap (decrypt) a key for transmission over hardwire or RF links. KEKs are also used to wrap/unwrap keys before they are placed in storage outside the KG boundary.
Keying Rate	The reciprocal of the duration of the keying interval expressed in baud. Also referred to as the modulation rate. [12]
	L
Latency	1) The time interval it takes to process a signal from when it is detected to the output report. 2) The time interval between the instant at which an instruction control unit initiates a call for data and the instant at which the actual transfer of data begins.
Legacy Systems	Systems that are candidates for phase-out, upgrade, or replacement. Generally, legacy systems are in this category because they do not comply with data standards or other standards. Legacy system work loads must be converted, transitioned, or phased out (eliminated). Such systems may or may not operate in a legacy environment. [9]
Line of Bearing (LOB)	Preferred term is bearing. [6]
Line of Position (LOP)	In time difference of arrival (TDOA) applications, the isocline of all possible transmitter positions that would yield a constant time of arrival difference between signals arriving at two fixed receiver sites. [6]
Line of Sight (LOS)	Radio wave propagation in which signals travel directly from the transmitting to the receiving antenna without undergoing significant refraction, scattering, or other modification. [11]
Line Replaceable Unit	Unit (box, circuit card assembly, component, etc.) which can be replaced at the organizational level. [7]
Linearity	Linearity implies that the system response g(t) to any excitation f(t) can be described by the solution of a set of differential equations with constant coefficients, and thus the principle of superposition is also implied.
Link 22	A tactical data link that provides tactical, beyond line-of-sight requirements not met by Link 16, to replace Link 11. It is a secure, flexible, tactical digital data link for real time data exchange over high frequency (HF) and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) bands between maritime command and control processor (C2P) equipped platforms. Link 22, using an F-Series message standard based upon TADIL J, is designed to overcome the major deficiencies of Link 11 (e.g., vulnerability to loss of single network control station, low data rate, susceptibility to electronic counter measures (ECM)). The associated physical medium is provided by the NATO Improved Link Eleven (NILE) Communications Equipment (NCE) that uses TDMA architecture for multi-netted communications. [26]
Locate	Determine the probable position of an emitter. [8]
Location	The determination of the position of an object or activity with sufficient accuracy to permit its exploitation within the framework of area under surveillance. [21]
Logistics Reliability	Average hours of operation between unscheduled maintenance events.
Low Band Subsystem (LBSS)	A subsystem being acquired by the JASPO for inclusion in the JASS prime mission equipment.
Low Capacity Multichannel	A historical division of multichannel systems within the SIGINT community, referring to those systems with less than either 120 or 132 (definition varied between using organizations) channels.
	M
M-ary	Multilevel digital modulation. (A 2 level modulation is binary.)
Maintainability	The ability of the system to be retained in or restored to an operational condition.
Market Acceptance	Market acceptance means that an item has been accepted in the market as evidenced by annual sales, length of time available for sale, and after-sale support capability. (The NDI Handbook DoD 5000.37H, 30 June 1995 draft) [28]
Mean Repair Time	Measure of on-equipment corrective maintenance time. Starts when the technician arrives at the aircraft and begins work. Unless otherwise specified, it includes all necessary corrective maintenance actions, such as: preparation. Troubleshooting, accessing and repairing the equipment, making adjustments, and any verification functions.
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)	For a specific interval, the ratio of total operating time to the number of failures in the same interval. [15]
Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)	The total corrective maintenance time divided by the total number of corrective maintenance actions during a given period of time. [15]
Message	A communication prepared in a form suitable for transmission by any means. [6]
Message Externals	Those components of the preamble and postamble of a transmitted message that are discernible to the analyst, regardless of whether or not the text is encrypted. [3]
Meteor Burst	Radio communications technique which uses scattering by the ionized trails of meteors entering the atmosphere to return signals to earth. [11]
Migration	To move from one place to another. [20]
Militarized	Items which are designed and manufactured to military requirements. (MIL-STD-2036B) [28]
Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS)	Is the weakest signal the receiver can detect. [17] The MDS is considered as the lower limit of the dynamic range, and is defined as a signal 3 dB greater than the equivalent noise level for a specified IF bandwidth. [19] 3) In radar, the minimum signal level which gives reliable detection in the presence of white Gaussian noise. Being a statistical quantity, it must be described in terms of a probability of detection and a probability of false alarm. [10]
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)	A form of FSK modulation where the keying rate and frequency shift are related. [13]
Miss Distance	A measure of DF accuracy. The shortest distance in linear units between the best point estimate and the target's true location. [6]
Mission	1) A flight operation of a single aircraft or a group of aircraft charged with the performance of a specific task. 2) A specific task assigned to an individual, unit or organization, e.g., the tasks assigned to an intercept station. 3) Pertaining to or of a mission. [6]
Mission Reliability	The probability that an available system will complete an assigned mission.
Modem	A piece of equipment which can modulate and demodulate a signal. [12]
Modular	Pertaining to the design concept in which interchangeable units are employed to create a functional end product. (FED-STD-1037C) [28]
Modulation	The process that uses an information signal characteristic to alter the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal. [12]
Module	1) The smallest electronic assembly (complete electronics chassis or circuit card assembly) that can be used to configure a scalable system. [8] 2) An interchangeable item that contains components. 3) In computer programming, a program unit that is and identifiable with respect to compiling, combining with other modules, and loading. (FED-STD-1037C) [28]
Monitor	In SIGINT, to observe or listen to, or for, an electromagnetic emission. [14]
Multichannel	A system of communications in which two or more independent communication channels are carried simultaneously on the same medium [27]
Multi-function Radar	A radar that performs two or more of the following functions: Early Warning, Target Acquisition, Target Tracking, Missile Guidance, or Target Illumination. [24]
Multipath	The propagation of a wave from one point to another by more than one path. When multipath occurs in radar, it usually consists of a direct path and one or more indirect paths by reflection from the surface of the earth or sea or from large man-made structures. At frequencies below approximately 40 Megahertz, it may also include more than one path through the ionosphere. [10]
Multipath Transmission	The propagation phenomenon that results in signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. When two or more signals arrive simultaneously, wave interference results. The received signal fades if the wave interference is time varying or if one of the terminals is in motion. [10]
Multiplex	To combine more than one channel of information into one signal for transmission. [11]
	N
N-ary	Frequency Shift Keying (N-ary FSK). A form of FSK where N frequency subchannels are used to transmit data. [13]
Navigation	Provide three dimensional position, attitude, and velocity information.
Net	1) A communications structure consisting of associated groups or links, all controlled at a common location and, presumably, serving the same immediate superior. [3] 2) In DF, three or more DF outstations operating under the direction of a net-control station; pertainnto of a net. [6]
Node	A network element with communication links to two or more other network elements, which may be other nodes or end users. [7]
Noise Power Ratio (NPR)	The decibel ratio of the noise level in a measuring channel with the baseband fully noise loaded to the level in that channel with all of the baseband noise loaded except the measuring channel. [16]
Non Developmental Item (NDI)
1.	Any commercial item.
2.	Any previously developed item in use by a US Federal, State or Local government agency or a foreign government with which the US has a mutual defense cooperation agreement.
3.	Any item described in subparagraph 1 or 2, above, that requires only minor modification in order to meet the requirements of the procuring agency.
4.	Any item currently being produced that does not meet the requirement of paragraph 1, 2, or 3 above, solely because the item is not yet in use. (The NDI Handbook DoD 5000.37H, 30 June 1995 draft) [28]
Non-Government Standard (NGS)	A standardization document developed by a private sector association, organization or technical society which plans, develops, establishes, or coordinates standards, specifications, handbooks, or related documents. The term does not include standards of individual companies. (DoD 4120.3-M) [28]
	O
Objective Architecture	The architecture which is desired and planned.
Open Specifications	Public specifications that are maintained by an open, public consensus process to accommodate new technologies over time and that are consistent with international standards. (IEEE POSIX 1003.0/D15) [28]
Open Standards	Guideline documentation that reflects consensus based agreements on products, practices, or operations by nationally or internationally recognized industrial, professional, trade associations or governmental bodies. These standards support interoperability, portability, and scalability and are equally available to the general public at no cost or with a moderate license fee. (OSJTF 1995) [28]
Open System	A system that implements sufficient open specifications for interfaces, services, and supporting formats to enable properly engineered components to be utilized across a wide range of systems with minimal changes, to interoperate with other components on local and remote systems, and to interact with users in a style that facilitates portability. An open system is characterized by the following:
­	Well defined, widely used, non-proprietary interfaces/protocols
­	Use of standards which are developed/adopted by industrially recognized standards bodies
­	Definition of all aspects of system interfaces to facilitate new or additional systems capabilities for a wide range of applications
­	Explicit provision for expansion or upgrading through the incorporation of additional or higher performance elements with minimal impact on the system (IEEE POSIX 1003.0/D15 as modified by the Tri-Service Open Systems Architecture Working Group) [28]
Open Systems Approach	Acquisition programs shall follow an open systems approach for military systems design. This approach is a business and engineering strategy, implemented by the IPT process, to choose commercially supported specifications and standards for selected system interfaces (logical and physical), products, practices, and tools. Selection of commercial specifications and standards shall be based on:
­	Those adopted by industry consensus based standards bodies or de facto standards (those successful in the market place);
­	Market research that evaluates the short and long term availability of products built to industry accepted specifications and standards;
­	A disciplined systems engineering process that examines tradeoffs of performance, supportability and upgrade potential within defined cost constraint; and
­	Allowance for continued access to technological innovation supported by many customers and a broad industrial base.
Open Systems Architecture (OSA)	A system architecture produced by an open systems approach and employing open systems specifications and standards to an appropriate level. (OS-JTF 1995) [28]
Open Systems Standards	Standards which control and fully define attributes for software, hardware, interface design, network protocol, circuit board design, etc. These standards have been developed and maintained in a commercial consortium or higher organization such as ISO or IEEE group consensus process. Standards have requirements for compatibility and interoperability at the interface, but they do not define the performance of a given product. A commercial manufacturer may change the performance of a product without government knowledge (consent is not required since we are now only another customer) and still comply with the standard. (NGCR Acquisition Guide 6 Mar 1995 Draft modified by OSJTF 1995) [28]
Operational Architecture	A description (often graphical) of the operational elements, assigned tasks, and information flows required to support the warfighter. It defines the type of information, the frequency of exchange, and what tasks are supported by these information exchanges.
Operational ELINT (OPELINT)	The category of ELINT concerned with the introduction, disposition, movement, use, tactics, and activity levels of known foreign non-communications emitters and, where applicable, associated military systems. Operational ELINT may be used for the satisfaction of current intelligence needs and for Indications and Warning purposes. [3]
Operational Readiness Test	A system level test conducted by maintenance personnel to verify proper operations of mission functions by identifying all critical failures and giving indications of other failures. Can be run using only onboard equipment, but may use additional support equipment for more thorough testing.
Order of Battle	Intelligence pertaining to identification, strength, command structure, and disposition of the personnel, units and equipment of any foreign military force. [21]
	P
Partial Response	A multilevel coding scheme that uses prescribed amounts of intersymbol interference to increase the transmission rate in a given bandwidth. [15]
Phase Reversal Keying (PRK)	A form of phase shift keying that uses two phases 180 degrees apart. [12]
Phase Shift	A change in the phase of a signal. It may either be deliberately introduced or be the result of natural causes. [24]
Phased Array	An antenna whose beam is steered by controlling the phase of the excitation applied to the individual radiating elements. [24]
Plesiochronous	The relationship between two signals such that their corresponding significant instants (transitions) occur at nominally the same rate, any variation in rate being constrained within a specified limit. [15]
Portability	1) The ease with which a system or component can be transferred from one hardware or software environment to another. (IEEE STD 610.12) 2) A quality metric that can be used to measure the relative effort to transport the software for use in another environment, hardware configuration, or software system environment. (IEEE TUTOR) 3) The ease with which a system, component, data or user can be transferred from one hardware or software environment to another. (TA) [9]
Precision	The quality of being exactly or sharply defined or stated. [10]
Precision Location	The location of an electronic emitter with sufficient accuracy for targeting of weapons systems. [8]
Preventive Maintenance	Periodic tests or corrective actions to prevent anticipated failures. Primarily accomplished by visual inspection, cleaning, tightening, and minor adjustments to keep the equipment operational
Prime Mission Equipment (PME)	Equipment essential to a mission's operation, normally referring to the airborne segment.
Process Gain	The improvement in signal-to-noise ratio from the receiver input to the receiver output. [13]
Processing	Conversion of collected or intelligence information into a form more suitable for the production of intelligence. [3]
Product	An intelligence report disseminated to users by an intelligence agency. In SIGINT terminology, the intelligence information derived from analysis of SIGINT materials and published as a report or translation for dissemination to users. [3]
Profile	A set of one or more base standards, and, where applicable, the identification of those classes, subsets, options, and parameters of those base standards, necessary for accomplishing a particular function. (P1003.0/D15) [9]
Program	Budget line and acquisition effort. [1]
Programmed Maintenance	Scheduled maintenance to overhaul and/or test for degradation of operational performance. May include installation of modifications.
Proprietary	1) Data that was developed at private expense (i.e. not reimbursed by, or developed on, a government contract. 2) Information that is used, produced, or marketed under exclusive legal rights of the author, inventor, or maker. Proprietary data is comprised mainly of trade secrets and strategic marketing data, but it can include any information vulnerable to acts of embezzlement, perpetrated fraud, vengeful acts by a disgruntled employee, and/or industrial espionage.
Proprietary Specifications	Specifications which are exclusively owned by a private individual or corporation under a trademark or patent, the use of which would require a license. (OS-JTF 1995) [28]
Pseudorandom Sequence	A sequence of bits that is selected by a definite computational process, yet satisfies tests for statistical randomness (i.e., appears to be random). [13]
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)	The modulation technique that uses pulses to represent samples of an analog waveform where the pulse amplitudes are dependent on the sample amplitudes. [12]
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)	1) The modulation technique that samples an analog waveform and quantizes the sample amplitudes to form a digital signal. [12] 2) A process in which a signal is sampled, and the magnitude of each sample is quantized independently of other samples and converted by encoding to a digital signal.[15]
Pulse Doppler	A radar or a waveform that uses a series of pulses that are processed for their velocity content. [24]
	Q
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)	A form of modulation that amplitude modulates two orthogonal channels with the same carrier frequency. [12]
Quadrature Partial Response (QPR)	1) A form of quadrature modulation that uses partial response signaling on each channel. [12] 2) The use of partial response filtering on the two orthogonal channels of a QAM system to increase the bandwidth efficiency of QAM. [15]
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)	A form of modulation where two carriers which are phase shifted by 90 degrees are modulated by separate data streams. Four phase conditions are used. [12]
	R
Radio Frequency (RF)	1) (Loosely) The frequency in the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is between the audio-frequency portion and the infrared portion. [10] 2) A frequency useful for radio transmission. Note The present practicable limits of radio frequency are roughly 10 kilohertz to 100,000 MHz. Within this frequency range electromagnetic radiation may be detected and amplified as an electric current at the wave frequency. [10]
Raw Traffic	Intercepted traffic showing no evidence of processing for COMINT purposes beyond sorting by clear address elements, elimination of unwanted messages, and the inclusion of a case number or an arbitrary traffic designator. [3]
Real Time	Real time is a mode of operation. Real time systems require events, data, and information to be available in time for the system to perform its required course of action. Real time operation is characterized by scheduled events, data, and information meeting their acceptable arrival times. (OS-JTF 1995) [28]
Real Time Systems	Systems which provide a deterministic response to asynchronous inputs. (OS-JTF 1995) [28]
Recognition	Determination of information type (e.g., voice, data modem, fax, encrypted data/voice, etc.).
Reconnaissance (RECCE or RECON)	A mission undertaken to obtain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or potential enemy; or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic or geographic characteristics of a particular area. [21]
Reference Model	A reference model is defined to be a generally accepted abstract representation that allows users to focus on establishing definitions, building common understandings and identifying issues for resolution. For Warfare and Warfare Support systems (WWSS) acquisitions, a reference model is necessary to establish a context for understanding how the disparate technologies and standards required to implement WWSS relate to each other. A reference model provides a mechanism for identifying the key issues associated with applications portability, modularity, scalability and interoperability. Most importantly, Reference Models will aid in the evaluation and analysis of domain-specific architectures. (TRI-SERVICE Open Systems Architecture Working Group) [28]
Remote Operating Facility	A facility which conducts operations using sensors at a remote controlled facility (RCF).
Remote Operating Facility, Airborne	A facility which conducts operations using sensors at an airborne remote controlled facility (RCF).
Repeatability	The degree to which a measurement will produce the same value from one occasion to the next given the same input.
Report	1) A summary of selected data on a specified subject which is prepared for a management authority or by its direction. 2) Pertaining to or of a report. [6]
Re-radiation	1) The unintentional radiation of signals generated in a radio receiver, causing interference or revealing the location of the receiver. 2) In emitter location, the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated signal strikes a conducting object located near the antenna of a direction finder, and the object retransmits the signal to the antenna. [6]
Resolution	The degree to which nearly equal values of a quantity can be discriminated. [10]
Response Time	The ability to react to requests within established time criteria. To be operationally effective, the system must produce the desired output in a timely manner based on system category for routine or priority operations. (JOPES ROC) [9]
	S
Scalability	1) The ability to use the same application software on many different classes of hardware/software platforms from personal computers to super computers (extends the portability concept). (USAICII) The capability to grow to accommodate increased workloads. [9] 2) Ability to increase/decrease throughput capacity by adding/ deleting modules. At the lower limit, this can mean a specific function's throughput can be reduced to zero, allowing the system to delete capabilities and functions to achieve SWAP restrictions and/or tailor sensor operational capabilities for specific missions.
Scalable	Mission equipment designed such that it contains modules that can be sized relative to the needs and requirements of a particular Service's platform to perform the required mission. [8]
Scintillation	Variations of a radar signal reflected from a target due to changes in the aspect of the target; also called target noise. [13]
Search	Search is the process which finds and assigns meaningful names to energy events in the RF spectrum. This can range from a very general type of search (e.g., any RF signals that are detected) to very tightly defined searches (e.g., a certain ELINT emitter). There are three modes of search ­ manual, interactive, and automatic; and two techniques within each mode - general and directed.
	Modes of Search
	Manual - The operator is able to select and control a specific subset of the collection system.
	Interactive - The operator provides input to the process in response to system formatted requests (tables, masks, etc).
	Automatic - Performing a search function with minimal, if any, operator intervention.
	Search Techniques
	General - Tuning over a frequency range to detect energy events.
	Directed - The process of using prior knowledge to examine a specified frequency or frequency band, geographic area, or a bearing relative to the collection platform to increase the probability of finding specific target signals.
Segment	Segment is a collection of CSCI. The segment is the level of software where the user environment requirements are common. In other words all elements in a segment could share a common.cshrc, .xsession, and other environment setting scripts. Segments are also the level to which software development is grouped for management purposes. Typically a single development organization creates a segment. [25]
Segment Description File (SDF)	The SDF is used to create a table of contents of a segment. It consists of a list of CSCI and their versions. [25]
Sensor	A technical device designed to detect and respond to one or more particular stimuli and which may record or transmit a resultant impulse for interpretation or measurement; often called a technical sensor. "Special sensor" is an unclassified term used, as a matter of convenience, to refer to a highly classified or controlled technical sensor. [3] [21]
Service Cryptologic Elements (SCE)	Components of the three US military services whose SIGINT activities are subordinate to DIRNSA/CHCSS. The SCEs are the US Army Intelligence and Security Command, the Naval Security Group, and the Air Force Air Intelligence Agency.
SHF	3000-30000 MHz (3-30 GHz)
SIGINT	Signals Intelligence - Intelligence information comprising, either individually or in combination, all Communications Intelligence (COMINT), Electronics Intelligence (ELINT), and Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence (FISINT), however transmitted.
SIGINT Collection	Equipment based access to specific signals in the RF environment to satisfy critical intelligence requirements levied in support of national and tactical tasking requests. [7]
SIGINT Processing	The algorithmic based capabilities which control the RF access, select the specific signals of interest, and either produce reportable information or produce data to be sent off the sensor for further processing to satisfy critical intelligence requirements levied in support of national and tactical tasking requests. [7]
SIGINT Subsystem Segment	SIGINT collection/processing/reporting entity which interfaces with its host platform [1]
Signal Bandwidth	The frequency band that is available for signal use. The difference between the maximum and minimum frequencies available. [13]
Signal of Interest (SOI)	1) The measured parameters of the signal meet the criteria established by the operator. 2) The signal contains the information of interest to the operator.
Signal Not of Interest (SNOI)	1) A signal whose measured parameters do not meet the criteria established by the operator. 2) The signal does not contain the information of interest to the operator.
Signal to Interference Ratio	The ratio of the magnitude of the signal to that of the interference or noise. Note: The ratio may be in terms of peak values or root-mean-square values and is often expressed in decibels. The ratio may be a function of the bandwidth of the system. [10]
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)	1) The ratio of the value of the signal to that of the noise. Notes: a) This ratio is usually in terms of peak values in the case of impulse noise and in terms of the root-mean-square values in the case of the random noise. b) Where there is a possibility of ambiguity, suitable definitions of the signal and noise should be associated with the term, as, for example, peak-signal to peak-noise ratio, etc. c) This ratio may be often expressed in decibels. d) This ratio may be a function of the bandwidth of the transmission system. [10] 2) (Mobile communications) The ratio of a specified speech-energy spectrum to the energy of the noise in the same spectrum. [10]
Signal Type Recognition	The process of determining general or specific signal characteristics for further processing. The degree of type recognition should be defined when referring to specific cases. [8]
SINAD	An acronym for "signal plus noise plus distortion to noise plus distortion ratio" expressed in decibels, where the signal plus noise plus distortion is the audio power recovered from a modulated radio frequency carrier, and the noise plus distortion is the residual audio power present after the audio signal is removed. This ratio is a measure of audio output signal quality for a given receiver audio power output level. [10]
SINAD Sensitivity	The minimum standard modulated carrier-signal input required to produce a specified sinad ratio at the receiver output. [10]
Single Point Failure	The failure of a single component which causes the complete loss of system functionality or the loss of principle assigned mission functions.
Single Sideband Amplitude Modulation (SSB-AM)	A form of amplitude modulation that transmits only one of the modulated signal's sidebands. [12]
Slip	The irretrievable loss or gain of a set of consecutive bits without loss of alignment. Also called timing slip. [15]
Slow Frequency Hoppers	Slow hopping systems have a hopping rate that is slower than the traffic data.[13] Two or more symbols are transmitted in the time interval between frequency hops. [18]
Software Environment	A software environment is a virtual platform designed to be hardware neutral. By using a software environment, components are portable among computers that run the environment. A software environment also aids in the integration of modules into a system, by ensuring that resources and definitions that are accessed by the component will be structured and behave as advertised. [25]
Specification	A document that prescribes, in a complete, precise, verifiable manner, the requirements, design, behavior, or characteristics of a system or system component. (IEEE P1003.0) [28]
Spread Spectrum (SS) Modulation	A modulation technique used to widen the RF bandwidth of a signal. Common types of SS modulation include frequency hopping, direct sequence, time hopping, and hybrid modulation. [13]
Stability, Long Term	The absolute value (magnitude) of the fractional frequency change with time; an observation time sufficiently long to reduce the effects of random noise to an insignificant value is implied. Frequency changes due to environmental effects must be considered separately.[5]
Stability, Short Term	The standard deviation of fractional frequency fluctuations due to random noise in an oscillator. Specification must include the number of samples, the averaging time, the repetition time, and the system bandwidth. [5]
Standard	A document that establishes uniform engineering and technical requirements for processes, procedures, practices, and methods. Standards may also establish requirements for selection, application, and design criteria of material. (DoD 4120.3-M) [23]
Standard Deviation (SD)	In DF, a computed figure for the spread (i.e., dispersion) of bearings around the average bearing (or true bearing, if known) from a given DF site on a given target after wild bearings have been discarded. The SD is used as a reliability factor in determining the quality of bearings taken by that DF site. Compare with systematic error. [6]
Standards Based Architecture	An architecture based on an acceptable set of standards governing the arrangement, interaction, and interdependence of the parts or elements that together may be used to form a Weapons Systems, and whose purpose is to ensure that a conformant system satisfies a specified set of requirements. (OS-JTF 1995) [28]
Standards Defacto	Standards (q.v.) that are based on prevalent market usage, existing especially without lawful authority.
Standards Dejure	Standards (q.v.) that are defined by a consensus-based standards body, normally of national or international standing.
Standards, Opens System	Acquisition programs shall follow an open systems approach for military systems design. This approach is a business and engineering strategy, implemented by the IPT process, to choose commercially supported specifications and standards for selected system interfaces (logical and physical), products, practices, and tools. Selection of commercial specifications and standards shall be based on:
­	Those adopted by industry consensus based standards bodies or de facto standards (those successful in the market place);
­	Market research that evaluates the short and long term availability of products built to industry accepted specifications and standards;
­	A disciplined systems engineering process that examines tradeoffs of performance, supportability and upgrade potential within defined cost constraint; and
­	Allowance for continued access to technological innovation supported by many customers and a broad industrial base.
Static Calibration	The process by which RF subsystem components are calibrated under off-line conditions. Typically, calibration tables are generated to characterize the system. This process calibrates out most biases and/or ambiguities within the system.
Status Monitoring	Continuously running self-test in background to indicate a go/no go condition of major Line Replaceable Units. Negative results are reported immediately.
Stovepipe System	A system, often dedicated or proprietary, that operates independently of other systems. The stovepipe system often has unique, nonstandard characteristics. [9]
Strategy	A cohesive approach to achieving an end [1]
Superset	The complete collection of source and object code available to the JMCIS community. The superset is managed as a library using configuration management tools. Portions of this library are accessible to all members of the community. Others are restricted due to classification and proprietary interests. All those portions that are available to be used and viewed are posted to the JMCIS on-line superset library which is available over the internet and through dial-in access. [25]
Superset Variant	The JMCIS configuration that has all available software and capabilities. This is the version that is tested for integration success. [25]
Supportability	The ability of personnel with the necessary skills, using prescribed procedures, to do maintenance at a specified level.
Surveillance	The systematic observation of aerospace, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things by visual, electronic, photographic, or other means. [21]
Synchronous	Signals are synchronous if their corresponding significant instants (transitions) have a desired constant phase relationship with each other. [15]
Synchronize	To cause two or more systems or system elements to operate with exact (within specified error limits) coincidence in time or rate (X.2)
Syntonize	To cause two or more systems or system elements to operate with exact (within specified error limits) coincidence in frequency
System	1) Entire weapon system. [1] 2) Any organized assembly of resources and procedures united and regulated by interaction or interdependence to accomplish a set of specific functions. (FED-STD-1037C) [28]
System Architecture	A systems architecture defines the physical connection, location and identification of key nodes, circuits, networks, warfighting platforms, etc., associated with information exchange and specifies system performance parameters. The systems architecture is constructed to satisfy operational architecture requirements per the standards defined in the technical architecture.
Systems Engineering	1) An interdisciplinary approach to evolve and verify an integrated and lifecycle balanced set of system product and process solutions that satisfy customer needs. Systems engineering (a) encompasses the scientific and engineering efforts related to the development, manufacturing, verification, deployment, operations, support, and disposal of system products and processes, (b) develops needed user training equipments, procedures, and data (c) establishes and maintains configuration management of the system, (d) develops work breakdown structures and statements of work, and (e) provides information for management decision making. [29] 2) Systems engineering is the management function which controls the total system development effort for the purposes of achieving an optimum balance of all system elements. It is a process which transforms an operational need into a description of system parameters to optimize the overall system effectiveness. [30]
System Latency	See Latency.
Systematic Error (SE)	In DF, a computed figure which represents the difference between the true bearing and the average bearing from a given DF site to a given target. The SE is used as a correcting factor in determining the quality of bearings taken by that DF site; it expresses a relatively permanent figure of error introduced by the site's equipment. Compare with standard deviation. Note Systematic error is computed by using the following formula SE=BM-BT where BM is the mean bearing (average bearing) and BT is the true bearing. [6]
	T
Tactical ELINT (TACELINT)	A formatted report containing ELINT locational and parametric information. The TACELINT report is used to disseminate operational ELINT information. [3]
TADIL J	A secure, high-capacity, jam-resistant, nodeless data link which uses the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) or Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS) transmission characteristics and the protocols, conventions, and fixed-length message formats defined by the JTIDS Technical Interface Design Plan (TIDP). NATO's equivalent is Link 16. (Joint Pub 1-02) [26]
Target	1) An emitter whose location and/or identification is of interest. [6] 2) A geographical area, complex, or installation planned for capture or destruction by military forces. [21] 3) In intelligence usage, a country, area, installation, agency, or person against which intelligence operations are directed. [21] 4) An area designated and numbered for future firing. [21]
Target Signal Information	Information about the communication or signal that is observable and measurable (that is, message externals, frequencies, modulation, network characteristics, etc.). [3]
Targeting Accuracy	The precision location of an electronic emitter such that a weapons system can be targeted to deliver "steel on target" with a single round. [8]
TDL Message Standards	A set of protocols consisting of rules, procedures, message and/ or data element definitions, syntax, vocabulary, or other conventions for information exchange. [26]
Technical Architecture	A minimal set of rules governing the arrangement, interaction, and interdependence of the parts or elements whose purpose is to ensure that a conformant system satisfies a specified set of requirements. It identifies system services, interfaces, standards and their relationships. It provides the framework, upon which engineering specifications can be derived, guiding the implementation of systems.
Technical ELINT	The ELINT that provides detailed knowledge of the technical characteristics of a given emitter and permits estimation of its primary function, capabilities, modes of operation (including malfunctions), and state-of-the-art, as well as of its specific role within a complex weapons system or defense network. [3]
Technical Reference Model (TRM)	The document that identifies a target framework and profile of standards for the DoD computing and communications infrastructure. (TRM) [9]
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)	The difference in time between the arrival of a signal at two points.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)	Means by which a group of stations representing several different communications links may share a repeater or other terminal; achieved by assigning time slots to the links. [11]
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)	A method of transmitting numerous channels over one transmission path by sequentially assigning time intervals to each channel. [12]
Time Event Pulse (TEP)	A once per second analog signal provided by certain GPS units. There is an associated digital data word that provides the GPS time of validity for this signal.
Time of Arrival (TOA)	1) For a pulsed signal, the time with respect to UTC-USNO that the signal's leading edge is detected. 2) For non-pulsed signals, the time with respect to UTC-USNO that a measurable event in the signal occurs.
Time on Station	See Time over Target, definition 1.
Time Tagging	Association of a data element to the specified time standard (in JASA, UTC (USNO)).
Time over Target (TOT)	1) The time from the arrival of a platform in or over the target until it departs. Preferred term for "time on station." [6] 2) Time at which aircraft are scheduled to attack/photograph the target. 3) The actual time at which aircraft attack/photograph the target. 4) The time at which a nuclear detonation is planned at a specified desired ground zero. [22]
Track	1) A record of the successive positions of a moving object. [6] 2) A series of related contacts displayed on a plotting board. 3) To display or record the successive positions of a moving object. 4)To lock onto a point of radiation and obtain guidance therefrom. 5) To keep a gun properly aimed, or to point continuously a target locating instrument at a moving target. 6) The actual path of an aircraft above, or a ship on, the surface of the earth. The course is the path that is planned; the track is the path that is actually taken (JCS). [21]
Track File, Composite	The track file resulting from the application of a tracking process to an appropriate sensor data or to sensor specific tracks. [21]
Track Filtering	A computational process by which best estimates of the states of an entity are derived from measurements. [21]
Track History	A series of points representing the most recent position updates of a track which may be displayed on a display console at operator request. This aides the console operator in following the path of a maneuvering track. [21]
Track Initiation	The process of establishing a new track in the system. [21]
Track Locator	A reference number used to catalog within the system data base the aggregate of common information maintained on a specific track. [21]
Tracking	Precise and continuous position-finding of targets by radar, optical, or other means (JCS). 2) The computational process dealing with the estimation of an object's true position based on noisy observations (measurements) of it. Tracking may consist of filtering (estimating the position at the time of the latest observation), smoothing (estimating the position at a point in the past), and prediction (estimating the position at a point in the future). [21]
Traffic Analysis	The cryptologic discipline that develops information from communications about the composition and operation of communications structures and the organizations they serve. The process involves the study of traffic and related materials and the reconstruction of communications plans to produce signals intelligence. [3]
Traffic Encryption Key (TEK)	Used in communications between two equipments to protect traffic, control, and message header information.
Transmission Security Key (TSK)	A key variable used to generate pseudorandom bit streams for TRANSEC purposes.
True bearing	1) The horizontal angle between the meridian line and a line on the earth. 2) In DF, a line, as computed from geodetic data, representing the true direction of a target from a direction finder and shown in relation to true north. [6]
	U
UHF	300-3000 MHz
Unified Build (UB)	Unified Build is the name of a segment that contains several core (see definition above) CSCI for tactical systems. The segment name is UB. [25]
United States Cryptologic System (USCS)	The USCS is the aggregate of NSA's dual missions of SIGINT and INFOSEC. The term USCS is not interchangeable with the term USSS. [2]
United States SIGINT System (USSS)	The USSS consists of the SIGINT missions of NSA/CSS, the SCEs, those elements of the Central Intelligence Agency that perform SIGINT activities, and other U.S. Government entities authorized by the SECDEF to conduct SIGINT activities. [2]
Universal Time (UT1)	1) A measure of time that conforms, within a close approximation, to the mean diurnal rotation of the Earth and serves as the basis of civil timekeeping. Universal Time is determined from observations of the stars, radio sources, and also from ranging observations of the Moon and artificial Earth satellites. The scale determined directly from such observations is designated Universal Time Observed (UTO); it is slightly dependent on the place of observation. When UTO is corrected for the shift in longitude of the observing station caused by polar motion, the time scale UT1 is obtained. When an accuracy better than one second is not required, Universal Time can be used to mean Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Also called ZULU time. Formerly called Greenwich Mean Time. [22] 2) A nonuniform time scale based on the earth's rotation and corrected for the effects of polar motion. [5]
Usable bearing	Any bearing falling within a given area produced by some composite intersection in the course of fix computation. [6]
User	1) Any person, organization, or functional unit that uses the services of an information processing system. 2) In a conceptual schema language, any person or any thing that may issue or receive commands and messages to or from the information system. (FIPS PUB 11-3) [9]
User Interface Service	A service of the Platform entity of the Technical Reference Model that supports direct human-machine interaction by controlling the environment in which users interact with applications. (TA) [9]
UTC-USNO	UTC as maintained by the U. S. Naval Observatory [5]
	V
Variable Message Format (VMF)	A message format designed to support the exchange of digital data between combat units with diverse needs for volume and detail of information using various communications media. This flexibility is achieved through the information variability of each message and by use of message standards that are independent of the textual format of the message. Individual messages composed of data elements are adjusted in length to suit the information content of that particular message. Although bit-oriented, VMF can also accommodate character-oriented message (COM) encoding. VMF is the primary messaging component of Army and Marine Corps Battlefield Digitization initiatives. [26]
Variant	A variant is a fielded configuration of JMCIS on an individual workstation. Through the use of an installation program and a worklist, differing variants can be installed from the same installation tape set that will include all available JMCIS software.
Vertical Testability	The ability of intermediate and depot level maintenance to duplicate malfunctions discovered at the field level by using identical tests under identical conditions.
VHF	30-300 MHz
	W
Warm Start	Restarting a system or subsystem to clear running commands and return to normal operations without a cold start. Any new data or other updates not saved will be lost.
Weapon System	A combination of one or more weapons with all related equipment, materials, services, personnel and means of delivery and deployment (if applicable) required for self sufficiency. (JCS Pub 1-02) [28]
Word	1) (signals and paths, microcomputer system bus) Two bytes or sixteen bits operated on as a unit. [10] 2) (signals and paths, 696 interface devices) A set of bit-parallel signals corresponding to binary digits operated on as a unit. Connotes a group of 16 bits where the most significant bit carries the subscript 15 and the least significant bit carries the subscript 0. [10]
	X
	Y
	Z
ZULU Time	See Universal Time. [22]

REFERENCES

[1] Advanced Airborne SIGINT Working Group Technical Sub-group Off-site Meeting, 24-25 October 1994

[2] USSID 1

[3] USSID 3

[4] The Airborne Reconnaissance Technical Architecture Program Plan (ARTAPP),

draft version 7.0.

[5] Fundamentals of Time and Frequency Standards, HP Application Note 52-1.

[6] Glossary of Standard Emitter Location Terminology (STELT) promulgated by USSID 412.

[7] McGraw Hill Data Communications Dictionary, 1993.

[8] JASA Standards Working Group Meeting of 14 June 1995.

[9] DoD Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management, Volume 1: Overview, Version 2.0, 30 June 1994.

[10] The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms, IEEE Std 100-1992, 5th edition, 1993.

[11] Lower VHF Handbook, Office of Search, Dec 1985.

[12] Advanced Modulation Handbook, Office of Search, May 1989.

[13] Frequency Agile Working Aid, Office of Search, January 1993.

[14] Glossary of SIGINT Collection Terminology, NSACSS/P13D, 1 Aug 1986.

[15] Digital Transmission Systems, Smith, 1985

[16] The White Noise Book, Tant, 1974

[17] Introduction to Radar Systems, Skolnick, 1980

[18] Principles of Secure Communications Systems, Torrieri, 1985

[19] Radio Communications Receivers, Drentea, 1982

[20] Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1986.

[21] Data Fusion Lexicon, The Data Fusion Subpanel of the Joint Directors of Laboratories, Technical Panel for C3, October 1991.

[22] Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Joint Pub 1-02, 23 March 1994.

[23] Department of Defense Joint Technical Architecture, Version 0.5 Preliminary Draft dated 12 March 1996.

[24] Wideband Radar Collection: Trends and Future Technology (W9T1-TIP-02-96), dated 27 March 1996.

[25] Joint Maritime Command Information System (JMCIS) Integration Standard, Version 1.3, dated Feb 1994.

[26] Department of Defense Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) Joint Tactical Data Link Management Plan, dated Apr 1996.

[27] NSA Multichannel Course (EA-030)

[28] Open Systems Joint Task Force Terms of Reference, 1995.

[29] MIL-STD-499B Draft

[30] Systems Engineering Management Guide, January 1990

[31] Cryptologic System Architecture, draft dated 3 May 1996.

[32] Joint Pub 1-02

[33] Joint Pub 2-01

[34] "Glossary, Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms" May 1997

[35] JASA Standards Working Group Meeting, 16 September 1997.

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