Index USIGS Glossary

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Term Definition/Description Source
C4I for the Warrior Vision The realization of a global command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence system that directly links and supports the warriors-combat troops of all services-who engage in military operations in a rapidly changing world, providing them with accurate and complete pictures of their battlespace; timely and detailed mission objectives; and the clearest view of their targets. [C4IFTW, J6] DISA CFS
C4I Integration Support Activity (CISA) CISA is a DOD Support Activity operating under the direction, authority, and control of the ASD(C3I) and his Deputy. CISA provides technical and analytical support, as directed, for Defense C4I programs and cross-programs evaluation; resource management; integration of C4I architectures and programs; technology development programs; development and validation of C4I requirements; and assessments of comparative worth of C4I systems. CISA Is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, VA. CISA Web Site
C4ISR Architecture A representation, as of a current or future point in time, of the command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance or reconnaissance (C4ISR) domain in terms of its component parts, what those parts do, how those parts relate to each other, and the rules and constraints under which the parts function. C4ISR AF
C4ISR Architecture Framework The rules, guidance, and product descriptions for developing and presenting architecture descriptions that ensure a common denominator for understanding, comparing, and integrating architectures [within the C4ISR community]. C4ISR AF
cadastral map A map showing the boundaries of subdivisions of land, usually with the bearings and lengths thereof and the areas of individual tracts, for purposes of describing and recording ownership. Also called property map. See also plat. HDBK-850
cadastral survey A survey relating to land boundaries and subdivisions, made to create units suitable for transfer or to define the limitations of title. The term cadastral survey is now used to designate the surveys of the public lands of the United States, including retracement surveys for the identification and resurveys for the restoration of property lines; the term can also be applied properly to corresponding surveys outside the public lands, although such surveys are usually termed land surveys through preference. HDBK-850
cadastral survey The means by which private and public land is defined, divided, traced, and recorded. The term derives from the French cadastre, a register of the survey of lands and is, in effect, the public record of the extent, value, and ownership of land for purposes of taxation. Cartesian Coordinates are a system of positional reference in which location is measured along two or three orthogonal (perpendicular) axes. Every location can be defined uniquely by its X, Y, and Z coordinates. Locations in the coordinate system can be established using any unit of measurement such as meters, feet, or miles. OpenGIS Guide
cairn An artificial mound of rocks, stones, or masonry usually conical or pyramidal, whose purpose is to designate or to aid in identifying a point of surveying or of cadastral importance. HDBK-850
calculated altitude See computed altitude. HDBK-850
calendar A temporal reference system based on an interval scale, in which position is expressed as a combination of calendar date and time of day. NOTE - Date and time may each be expressed as a combination of elements based on different units of measurement (e.g., date as year, month, and day of the month; time of day as hour, minute, and second). ISO/TC 211
calibrated focal length 1. (JCS) An adjusted value of the equivalent focal length, so computed as to equalize the positive and negative values of distortion over the entire field used in a camera. See also focal length. 2. The distance along the lens axis from the interior perspective center to the image plane. HDBK-850
calibration The act or process of determining certain specific measurements in a camera or other instrument or device by comparison with a standard, for use in correcting or compensating for errors or for purposes of record. See also camera calibration; field calibration; shop calibration. HDBK-850
calibration card A card having a list of calibration corrections or calibrated values. HDBK-850
calibration constants The results obtained by calibration, which give the calibrated focal length of the lens-camera unit and the relationship of the principal point to the fiducial marks of a camera and give significant calibration corrections for lens distortions. HDBK-850
calibration correction The value to be added to or subtracted from the reading of an instrument to obtain the correct reading. HDBK-850
calibration course See field comparator. HDBK-850
calibration error See instrument error. HDBK-850
calibration plate A glass negative exposed with its emulsion side corresponding to the position of the emulsion side of the film in the camera at the time of exposure. This plate provides a record of the distance between the fiducial marks of the camera. Also called flash plate; master glass negative. HDBK-850
calibration table A list of calibration corrections or calibrated values. HDBK-850
calibration templet (photogrammetry) A template of glass, plastic, or metal made in accordance with the calibration constants to show the relationship of the principal point of a camera to the fiducial marks; used for the rapid and accurate marking of principal points on a series of photographs. Also, for a multiple-lens camera, a template prepared from the calibration data and used in assembling the individual photographs into one composite photograph. HDBK-850
call A reference to, or statement of, an object course, distance, or other matter of description in a survey or grant, requiring or calling for a corresponding object, or other matter of description, on the land. HDBK-850
Callippic cycle A period of four Metonic cycles equal to 76 Julian years, or 27,759 days. HDBK-850
camera A lightproof chamber or box in which the image of an exterior object is projected upon a sensitized plate or film through an opening usually equipped with a lens or lenses, shutter, and variable aperture. See also aerial camera; BC-4 camera; ballistic camera; continuous strip camera; convergent camera; copy camera; direct scanning camera; fan cameras; frame camera; geodetic stellar camera; horizon camera; mapping camera; metric camera; multiple-camera assembly; multiple-lens camera; PC-1000 camera; panoramic camera; photogrammetric camera; positioning camera; precision camera; rectifier; rotating prism camera; split cameras; stellar camera; stereometric camera; terrestrial camera; trimetrogon camera; variable perspective camera system; zenith camera. HDBK-850
camera axis (JCS) An imaginary line through the optical center of the lens perpendicular to the negative photo plane. HDBK-850
camera axis direction (JCS) Direction on the horizontal plane of the optical axis of the camera at the time of exposure. This direction is defined by its azimuth expressed in degrees in relation to true/magnetic north. HDBK-850
camera calibration (JCS) The determination of the calibrated focal length, the location of the principal point with respect to the fiducial marks, and the lens distortion effective in the focal plane of the camera and referred to the particular calibrated focal length. [In a multiple-lens camera, the calibration also includes the determination of the angles between the component perspective units. The setting of the fiducial marks and the positioning of the lens are ordinarily considered as adjustments, although they are sometimes performed during the calibration process. Unless a camera is specifically referred to, distortion and other optical characteristics of a lens are determined in a focal plane located at the equivalent focal length and the process is termed lens calibration.] HDBK-850
camera lucida A monocular instrument using a half-silvered mirror, or the optical equivalent, to permit superimposition of a vertical image of an object upon a plane. Also called camera obscura. See also sketchmaster. HDBK-850
camera magazine (JCS) A removable part of a camera in which the unexposed and exposed portions of film are contained. HDBK-850
camera obscura See camera lucida. HDBK-850
camera station See air base; air station. HDBK-850
camera transit See phototheodolite. HDBK-850
camera window (JCS) A window in the camera compartment through which photographs are taken . HDBK-850
Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) The CCRS is located within Geomatics Canada, which together with the Geological Survey of Canada and the Polar Continental Shelf Project makes up the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada. Established in 1971, CCRS has the mandate to improve remote sensing technology, facilitate the acquisition and dissemination of remote sensing data, and to work with and develop the Canadian industry involved in remote sensing. It has general responsibility for remote sensing research and development within the Government of Canada and is responsible for the ground segment and applications development for the recently launched Radar Satellite (RADARSAT). The major current focus of the Centre is in the area of radar technology and applications directed at RADARSAT and other radar satellites. The headquarters of the CCRS is located in Ottawa, Ontario. CCRS Web Site
Canadian grid See perspective grid. HDBK-850
candela A unit of luminous intensity. HDBK-850
cantilever extension Phototriangulation from a controlled area to an area of no control. Also, the connection by relative orientation and scaling of a series of photographs in a strip to obtain strip coordinates. Also called extension. HDBK-850
capability test A test performed to determine the capabilities of an IUT, designed to determine whether an implementation conforms to a particular characteristic of an application protocol as described in the test purpose. ISO/TC 211
Cape Canaveral datum This special datum is defined with its origin at station Central on the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, with azimuth to Central SE Base. The geodetic coordinates of these two stations were identical to those on North American datum of 1927. Datum differences for other points may be determined by subtracting North American datum of 1927 values from the Cape Canaveral datum values as established by the USC&GS transcontinental traverse of the United States. See also North American Datum of 1927. HDBK-850
capsule A configuration of engineering objects forming a single unit for the purpose of encapsulation of processing and storage. Virtual machines and processes are examples of a capsule. RM-ODP
cardan link A universal joint. An optical cardan link is a device for universal scanning about a point. HDBK-850
cardinal point effect (JCS) The increased intensity of a line or group of returns on the radarscope occurring when the radar beam is perpendicular to the rectangular surface of a line or group of similarly aligned features in the ground pattern. HDBK-850
cardinal points 1. The directions: north, south, east, west. 2. (optics) Those points of a lens used as reference for determining object and image distances. They include principal planes and points, nodal points, and focal points. HDBK-850
cardinality The number of objects associated by an association type CEN/TC 287
Carpentier inversor One of the inversors which corrects for the Scheimpflug condition in a rectifier if the negative, lens, or easel planes are tilted and not parallel. HDBK-850
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) IEEE 802.3 media access control LAN standard. Sometimes referred to as Ethernet. This LAN interface can be designed to interface with any type of cable and is typically implemented as a bus and/or star topology. IEEE 802.3 supports data rates of 10 megabits per second. [DISA/DO3 (CIO)] DISA CFS
carrying contour A single contour line representing two or more contours, used to show vertical or near-vertical topographic features, such as steep slopes and cliffs. HDBK-850
Cartesian Coordinate System A coordinate system in which locations of points in space are expressed by reference to three mutually perpendicular planes, called coordinate planes. The three planes intersect in three straight lines called coordinate axes. [Also the values representing the location of a point in a plane in relation to two perpendicular intersecting straight lines, called axes. The point is located by measuring its distance from each axis along a parallel to the other axis.] HDBK-850
cartesian coordinates Numbers given to locate a point in relation to mutually-perpendicular axes. Although a generic term that includes plane coordinates and local cartesian coordinates the term normally means (X,Y,Z) in a geocentric cartesian datum when used in a 3-dimensional context without the word "local". CEN/TC 287
cartesian product of domains The set of composite elements consisting of an element from each of the sets. NOTE - Such products are often written using a multiplicative notation as AÄ B (read "A cross B") or Ai (read "product of the A sub-i's). NOTE - Elements are written with angled brackets as AÄ B = {<a,b>|aA,bB} (read "A cross B is equal to the set of all pairs, a and b, where a is in A and b is in B"). The product of domains is a domain. We can also write AÄ B as <A,B>. Extending the notation to multiple items, we can get <A, B, C, ... , Z> for any number of domains. ISO/TC 211
cartographic annotation The delineation of additional data, new features, or deletion of destroyed or dismantled features on a mosaic to portray current details. Cartographic annotations may include elevation values for airfields, cities, and large bodies of water; new construction and destroyed or dismantled roads, railroads, bridges, dams, target installations, and cultural features of landmark significance. HDBK-850
Cartographic Automatic Mapping (CAM) A mainframe computer mapping program available from the Central Intelligence Agency. It works with World Data Bank (WDB II) coordinate files to create map projections and generate plots. HDBK-850
cartographic compilation See compilation, definition 1. HDBK-850
cartographic data base (CDB) 1. A data base of map graphics captured from a map or used to produce a map. A CDB incorporates a hierarchy for feature displacement. 2. An internal NIMA function which consists of actual digital data products, an automated directory defining the data availability, data base management software, computer hardware, and CDB operations staff and management. HDBK-850
cartographic feature The natural or cultural objects shown on a map or chart. See also topography, definition 1. HDBK-850
cartographic film Film with a dimensionally stable base, used for map negatives and/or positives. Usually referred to by trade name. HDBK-850
cartographic license The freedom to adjust, add, or omit map features within allowable limits to attain the best cartographic expression. License must not be construed as permitting the cartographer to deviate from specifications. HDBK-850
cartographic photography See mapping photography. HDBK-850
cartographic primitive A type of primitive that does not participate in topology. Text is the only cartographic primitive. See also geometric primitive. HDBK-850
cartographic scanner A device for strip-by-strip scanning of two-dimensional copy and for digital registration of the light/dark (black/white) parts as rectangular coordinates. HDBK-850
cartography The art and science of expressing graphically, by maps and charts, the known physical and political/administrative features of the Earth, or of another celestial body. HDBK-850
cartometric scaling The accurate measurement of geographic or grid coordinates on a map or chart by means of a scale. This method may be used for plotting the positions of points, or determining the location of points. HDBK-850
carving The development of the model surface by carving away the steps of the plaster step cast in the production of relief models. HDBK-850
Cassini map projection A conventional map projection constructed by computing the lengths of arcs along a selected geographic meridian and along a great circle perpendicular to that meridian, and plotting these as rectangular coordinates on a plane. HDBK-850
Cassini-Soldner map projection Similar to a polyconic map projection except that it uses but one central meridian for a whole series. Best adapted for north-south belts and large-scale maps of small areas. HDBK-850
casting The process of reproducing relief models in plaster or epoxy from the terrain base of the model, or after the surface of the model has been developed. Models are first cast negative, from which any number of positive castings may be made. HDBK-850
casual error See random error. HDBK-850
catadioptric system (optics) An optical system containing both refractive and reflective elements. HDBK-850
catenary correction (taping) See sag correction. HDBK-850
cathode ray tube (CRT) Electronic vacuum tube that focuses electrons energizing phosphors on a screen, creating a visible display. The typical computer monitor uses this type of display technology. [HCI Style Guide] DISA CFS
catoptric system (optics) An optical system in which all elements are reflective (mirrors). HDBK-850
cautionary note Information calling special attention to some fact, usually a danger area, shown on a map or chart. HDBK-850
C-constant See level constant. HDBK-850
celestial coordinates Any set of coordinates used to define a point on the celestial sphere. HDBK-850
celestial equator The great circle on the celestial sphere whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the Earth. Also called equinoctial. HDBK-850
celestial equator system of coordinates A set of celestial coordinates based on the celestial equator as the primary great circle; usually declination and hour angle or sidereal hour angle. Also called equator system; equatorial system; equinoctial system of coordinates. HDBK-850
celestial fix A position established by means of observation on one or more celestial bodies. HDBK-850
celestial geodesy The branch of geodesy which utilizes observations of near celestial bodies, including Earth satellites, to determine the size and shape of the Earth. HDBK-850
celestial horizon That circle of the celestial sphere formed by the intersection of the celestial sphere and a plane through the center of the Earth and perpendicular to the zenith nadir line. Also called rational horizon. HDBK-850
celestial latitude Angular distance north or south of the ecliptic; the arc of a circle of latitude between the ecliptic and a point on the celestial sphere, measured northward or southward from the ecliptic through 90°, and labeled "N" or "S" to indicate the direction of measurement. Also called ecliptic latitude. HDBK-850
celestial line of position A line of position determined by means of the observation of a celestial body. HDBK-850
celestial longitude Angular distance east of the vernal equinox, along the ecliptic; the arc of the ecliptic or the angle at the ecliptic pole between the circle of latitude of the vernal equinox and the circle of latitude of a point on the celestial sphere, measured eastward from the circle of latitude of the vernal equinox, through 360°. Also called ecliptic longitude. HDBK-850
celestial mechanics The study of the theory of the motions of celestial bodies under the influence of gravitational fields. HDBK-850
celestial meridian An hour circle of the celestial sphere, through the celestial poles and the zenith. The two intersections of the celestial meridian with the horizon are known as the north and south points. HDBK-850
celestial observation 1. Observation of celestial phenomena. 2. (navigation) The measurement of the altitude or the azimuth, or both, of a celestial body. Also the data obtained by such measurement. HDBK-850
celestial parallel See parallel of declination. HDBK-850
celestial pole Either of the two points of intersection of the celestial sphere and the extended axis of the Earth. HDBK-850
celestial refraction See astronomic refraction. HDBK-850
celestial sphere (JCS) An imaginary sphere of infinite radius concentric with the Earth, on which all celestial bodies except the Earth are imagined to be projected. [For observations on bodies within the limits of the solar system, the assumed center is the center of the Earth. For bodies where the parallax is negligible, the assumed center may be the point of observation.] HDBK-850
celestial triangle A spherical triangle on the celestial sphere, especially the navigational triangle. HDBK-850
cell Variable size rectangular geographic area, often designated by latitude/longitude boundaries. [e.g., NIMA produces standard elevation (DTED) and feature (DFAD) data in one degree by one degree cells] HDBK-850
center line data (CLD) Data which describes points, lines and areas as one or several coordinate points selected at the center of the phenomena being described. Attributes used with centerline data describe the feature in real world terms and not the display of graphic output. Symbolized graphic data, on the other hand, contains attribution for the display of graphic output. HDBK-850
center of gravity The point in any body at which the force of gravity may be considered to be concentrated. HDBK-850
center of instrument The point on the vertical axis of rotation of an instrument at the same elevation as the axis of collimation when that axis is in a horizontal position. In a transit or theodolite, it is close to or at the intersection of the horizontal and vertical axes of the instrument. HDBK-850
center of mass The point at which all the given mass of a body or bodies may be regarded as being concentrated as far as motion is concerned. HDBK-850
center of oscillation (pendulum) The position in a compound pendulum of the particle which corresponds to the heavy particle of an equivalent simple pendulum. The centers of suspension and oscillation are interchangeable. If the center of oscillation is made the center of suspension, the former center of suspension becomes the new center of oscillation. This principle is the basis of design of compound reversible pendulums. HDBK-850
center of projection See perspective center. HDBK-850
center of radiation See radial center. HDBK-850
center of suspension (pendulum) The fixed point about which a pendulum oscillates. See also center of oscillation. HDBK-850
center point See radial center. HDBK-850
centerline 1. (USPLS) The line connecting opposite corresponding quarter corners or opposite subdivision-of-section corners or their theoretical positions. 2. A line extending from the true center point of overlapping aerial photos through each of the transposed center points. 3. (engineering survey) The continuous center of a highway or railroad, with stationing indicating starting point, culverts, points of curvature, etc. HDBK-850
central force A force which for purposes of computation can be considered to be concentrated at one central point with its intensity at any other point being a function of the distance from the central point. Gravitation is considered as a central force in celestial mechanics. HDBK-850
central force field The spatial distribution of the influence of a central force. HDBK-850
central force orbit The theoretical orbit achieved by a particle of negligible mass moving in the vicinity of a point mass with no other forces acting; an unperturbed orbit. HDBK-850
Central MASINT Office A DIA unit that provides functional management for MASINT. Headquartered at Bolling AFB, Washington DC. USIS 95
central meridian The longitudinal line of symmetry of a map projection, and generally a base line for referencing the projection to the associated grid coordinate system. As such, grid north and true north are coincident along the central meridian, but at any other point of the projection, grid north and true north diverge as a function of geodetic latitude and longitudinal distance from the central meridian due to convergence of the meridians. Most map projections portray meridian convergence, but one notable exception is the Mercator Projection. HDBK-850
central point figure A triangulation figure consisting of a polygon with an interior station, formed by a series of adjoining triangles with a common vertex at the interior station. HDBK-850
Central Security Service (CSS) See National Security Agency / Central Security Service (NSA/CSS). NSA Web Site
Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) The CNES is a French quasi-governmental agency, empowered to officially represent the government in foreign affairs related to space development. France is a principal member of the European Space Agency (ESA), and has maintained an official policy of priority to programs in such areas as geophysical observation, etc. The CNES is actively involved in commercial space development, owning over 30% of the stock of (i) the Arianespace Inc. which manufactures and launches the Ariane rocket and (ii) the Spot Image Corporation which operates geo-observation satellites and markets the data obtained from these. The CNES is headquartered in Toulouse, Cedex, France. NASDA SE
centrifugal force The force with which a body moving under constraint along a curved path reacts to the constraint, acting in a direction opposite from the center of curvature of the path. For a body constrained to Earth, centrifugal force acting on the body due to Earth's rotation is perpendicular to and away from Earth's rotational axis. The vector sum of this centrifugal force and the gravitational force due to the total mass of the body and Earth is defined as the gravity force acting on the body. See also centripetal force. HDBK-850
centripetal force The force directed towards the center of curvature, which constrains a body to move in a curved path. See also centrifugal force. HDBK-850
centroid (digital mapping) A point interior to a polygon whose coordinates are the average of the corresponding coordinates for all nodal points which define the polygon. This point may be outside or inside the polygon and can be some point other than the geographic center of the polygon. HDBK-850
centroid the term given to the center of an area, region, or polygon. In the case of irregularly shaped polygons, the centroid is derived mathematically and is weighted to approximate a sort of "center of gravity." Centroids are important in GIS because these discrete X-Y locations are often used to index or reference the polygon within which they are located. Sometimes attribute information is "attached," "hung," or "hooked" to the centroid location. OpenGIS Guide
certificate of conformance A document issued under the rules of a certification system indicating that adequate confidence is provided that an IUT is in conformity with a specific standard or technical specification as determined through use of a specified test method. ISO/TC 211
certification The formal technical evaluation of security features and other safeguards of an Automated Information System. Certification, which supports the accreditation process, establishes the extent to which a particular AIS design and implementation meet a set of specified security requirements. [DISA/D2] DII MP
certification Confirmation by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Director for C4 Systems (J6)) based on assessments by the DISA, that appropriate testing has been accomplished and that the applicable standards and requirements for compatibility and interoperability have been met. DODI 4630.8
certification body An impartial body possessing the necessary competence and reliability to operate a certification system, and in which the interests of all parties concerned with the function of the system are represented. NOTE - The certification body may decentralise its activities and rights to certify conformity. ISO/TC 211
certify Certify that the standards selected in architectures and planning documents are consistent with profiles and suites of standards specified in the domains. DISA CFS
C-factor An empirical value which expresses the vertical measuring capability of a given stereoscopic system; generally defined as the ratio of the flight height to the smallest contour interval accurately plottable. The C-factor is not a fixed constant, but varies over a considerable range, according to the elements and conditions of the photogrammetric system. In planning for aerial photography, the C-factor is used to determine the flight height required for a specified contour interval, camera, and instrument system. Also called altitude contour ratio. HDBK-850
chain A device used by surveyors for measuring distance, or the length of this device as a unit of distance. The usual chain is 66 feet long, and consists of 100 links, each 7.92 inches long. See also engineer's chain; Gunter's chain. HDBK-850
chain gage See tape gage. HDBK-850
chain node An arc-node topological model that stores the entity descriptions and spatial extents in separate records, and links them with record pointers. The basic entity is a chain or arc, a series of coordinates that start and end at a node. A node is a beginning, an end, an intersection, or a point represented by a coordinate pair. See also arc, edge, link and node. HDBK-850
chaining See taping. HDBK-850
chaining pin See pin. HDBK-850
chain-node data structure A vector data structure in which the entity description and the spatial extent of each feature in a vector data set are stored in separate records, linked by record pointers. In addition, all intersections between features, as well as point features, are captured and stored as nodes. See also Level 1 topology. HDBK-850
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff The principal military advisor to the President and the National Security Council. Reports to the Secretary of Defense. USIS 95
Challenge Athena A CNO project that explores the delivery of high volume networked data to multiple afloat warfighters. Challenge Athena I demonstrated the ability to receive wideband imagery on the USS George Washington. Challenge Athena II established a full duplex T-1 link on the USS George Washington for a six month deployment in multiple theaters. Challenge Athena III will demonstrate "bandwidth on demand: by networking up to three ships USIS 95
challenger See interrogator responsor. HDBK-850
chambered spirit level A level tube with a partition near one end which cuts off a small air reservoir so arranged that the length of the bubble can be regulated. HDBK-850
change detection An image enhancement technique which compares two images of the same area from different time periods. Identical picture elements are eliminated, leaving signatures which have undergone change. HDBK-850
channel A configuration of stubs, binders, protocol objects, and interceptors providing a binding (connection) between a set of interfaces to engineering objects, though which interactions can occur. Bindings that require channels are referred to as distributed bindings in the engineering language. Bindings between that do not require channels (i.e. between objects in the same cluster) are referred to as local bindings. RM-ODP
character The distinctive trait, quality, property, or behavior of man-made or natural features as portrayed by a cartographer. The more character applied to detail, the more closely it will resemble these features as they appear on the surface of the Earth. See also generalization. HDBK-850
character-based interface A non-bit mapped user interface in which the primary form of interaction between the user and system is through text. JTA 2.0
characteristic curve (photography) A curve showing the relationship between exposure and resulting density in a photographic image, usually plotted as the density (D) against the logarithm of the exposure (log E) in candle-meter-seconds. Also called D log E curve; density exposure curve; H and D curve; sensitometric curve; time gamma curve. See also contrast; density, definition 1. HDBK-850
characterization The process of identifying system CI&I attributes or characteristics as a complement to a pass/fail assessment of system CI&I requirements that provides early feedback on meeting CI&I requirements. DODI 4630.8
charge coupled device A detector array used for image data acquisition. A CCD is composed of microelectronics chips (elements) that are solid state sensors that detect light. When light strikes a CCD chip, electronic charges are produced, and are converted to a digital value in an analog-to-digital process. These digital values are recorded. USIS 95
chart 1. A special-purpose map, generally designed for navigation or other particular purposes, in which essential map information is combined with various other data critical to the intended use. 2. To prepare a chart, or engage in a charting operation. See also aeronautical chart; aeronautical pilotage chart; aeronautical planning chart; Air Target Chart; anchorage chart; approach chart; azimuthal chart; azimuthal equidistant chart; Baldwin solar chart; bathymetric chart; chartlet; coastal chart; combat chart; conformal chart; conic chart; conic chart with two standard parallels; Consol chart; cotidal chart; current chart; Decca chart; enroute chart; equatorial chart; firing chart; general chart; Global Navigation Chart; gnomonic chart; great-circle chart; harbor chart; historical chart; hydrographic chart; hypsographic map (or chart); ice chart; index chart; instrument approach chart; isobaric chart; isoclinic chart; isogonic chart; isogriv chart; isomagnetic chart; isoporic chart; Jet Navigation Chart; Lambert conformal chart; local chart; long-range navigation chart; loran chart; lunar chart; lunar earthside chart; lunar farside chart; magnetic chart; Marsden chart; mean chart; Mercator chart; meteorological chart; mileage chart; miscellaneous chart; modified Lambert conformal chart; new chart; oblique chart; oblique Mercator chart; obsolete chart; Operational Navigation Chart; orthographic chart; orthomorphic chart; perspective chart; pilot chart; pilotage chart; planning chart; plotting chart; polar chart; polyconic chart; radar chart; rectangular chart; route chart; sailing chart; search-and-rescue chart; secant conic chart; sectional chart; sextant chart; simple conic chart; star chart; stereographic chart; Tactical Pilotage Chart; tidal current chart; time zone chart; track chart; transverse chart; transverse Mercator chart; virtual PPI reflectoscope chart; visibility chart; weather map; World Aeronautical Chart. HDBK-850
chart base (JCS) A chart used as a primary source for compilation or as a framework on which new detail is printed. Also called topographic base. See also base map. HDBK-850
chart comparison unit A device permitting simultaneous viewing of navigational instrument presentation, such as a radarscope and a navigational chart, so that one appears superimposed upon the other. Also called autoradar plot when used with radar. HDBK-850
chart datum See hydrographic datum. HDBK-850
Chart Update Manual (CHUM) A NIMA published manual which provides aeronautical chart users with current information on a monthly basis concerning charts and hazards to flight safety for those charts. Future CHUMs may be available electronically (ECHUM). HDBK-850
charted depth The vertical distance from the tidal datum to the bottom surface. HDBK-850
charting photography See mapping photography. HDBK-850
chartlet A small chart, such as those annexed to Notices to Mariners. HDBK-850
check point 1. (JCS) A predetermined point on the Earth's surface used as a means of controlling movement, a registration target for fire adjustment, or a reference for location. 2. (JCS) Geographical location on land or water above which the position of an aircraft in flight may be determined by observation or by electronic means. 3. A point, selected on obliques only, in the vicinity of each tie point and distant point for the purpose of checking the identification of these points. HDBK-850
check profile A profile plotted from a field survey and used to check a profile prepared from a topographic map. The comparison of the two profiles serves as a check on the accuracy of the contours on the topographic map. HDBK-850
checked spot elevation An elevation established in the field by: closed spirit leveling, trigonometric leveling by a closed circuit of barometric leveling, or any other method such that proof of accuracy is obtained. HDBK-850
checking positive A composite printing on glass of the contour and drainage drawings used on the shadow projector for checking the horizontal accuracy of landforms to be developed on relief models. HDBK-850
checkpoint An object template derived from the state and structure of an engineering object, that can be used to instantiate another engineering object , consistent with the state of the original object at the time of checkpointing. RM-ODP
Cheyene Mountain Operations Center (CMOC) CMOC collects data from a worldwide system of satellites, radars, and other sensors and processes that information on sophisticated computer systems to support critical North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and United States Space Command (USPACECOM) missions. For the NORAD mission, the CMOC provides warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America, assists the air sovereignty mission for the United States and Canada, and, if necessary, is the focal point for air defense operations to counter enemy bombers or cruise missiles. In support of the USSPACECOM mission, the CMOC provides a day-to-day picture of precisely what is in space and where it is located. The CMOC also supports space operations, providing critical information such as collision avoidance data for space shuttle flights and troubleshooting satellite interference problems. CMOC is located at Cheyenne Mountain, CO. SPACECOM Web Site
Chief Information Officer (CIO) The Chief Information Officer is the agency designated position responsible for ensuring the effective acquisition and use of information technology (IT), carrying out the agency's information resources management responsibilities, facilitating the development, implementation, maintenance of a sound and integrated information technology architecture for the agency, and promoting the effective design and operation of all major information resources management processes. DODI 4630.8
Chief of Receive Element (CORE) Previously referred to as Chief of Receive Location (CORL). The senior person in charge of the facility. USIS 95
Chief of Receive Location (CORL) See Chief of Receive Element (CORE). USIS 95
Chief of Station Senior leadership position for a ground station. USIS 95
chopping (star or satellite trails) Interrupting the photographic image of a star or satellite trail by a shutter or other device to provide precise timing and orientation data for geodetic observations of aerospace vehicles against a stellar background. HDBK-850
chord 1. (route surveying) Chord used in highway and other surveys to indicate a straight line between two points on a curve, regardless of the distance between them. 2. In surveying and geometry, a straight line joining any two points on an arc, curve, circumference, or surface. HDBK-850
chorographic map Any map representing large regions, countries, or continents on a small scale. Atlas and small-scale wall maps belong in this class. HDBK-850
chromatic aberration See lateral chromatic aberration; longitudinal chromatic aberration. HDBK-850
chromatic colors Colors eliciting hue. HDBK-850
chromaticity A composite of dominant wavelength and purity. HDBK-850
chromaticity coordinates The proportions of standard components required for color match, used as an ordinate and abscissa to represent color in a chromaticity diagram. HDBK-850
chromaticity diagram A plane diagram formed by plotting one of the chromaticity coordinates against another. HDBK-850
chronograph An instrument for producing a graphical record of time as shown by a clock or other device. In use, a chronograph produces a double record: the first is made by the associated clock and forms a continuous time scale with significant marks indicating periodic beats of the timekeeper; the second is made by some external agency, human or mechanical, and records the occurrence of an event or of a series of events. HDBK-850
chronometer A portable timekeeper with compensated balance, capable of showing time with extreme precision and accuracy. See also break-circuit chronometer; hack chronometer. HDBK-850
chronometer correction See clock correction. HDBK-850
chronometer error The amount by which the chronometer differs from the correct time. HDBK-850
chronometer rate See clock rate. HDBK-850
cine theodolite A photographic tracking instrument which records on each film frame the target and the azimuth and elevation angles of the optical axis of the instrument. HDBK-850
circle of confusion (optics) The circular image of a distant point object as formed in a focal plane by a lens. A distant point object (e.g., a star) is imaged in a focal plane of a lens as a circle of finite size, because of such conditions as: (1) the focal plane's not being placed at the point of sharpest focus; (2) the effect of certain aberrations; (3) diffraction at the lens; (4) grain in a photographic emulsion; and/or (5) poor workmanship in the manufacture of the lens. HDBK-850
circle of declination See hour circle. HDBK-850
circle of equal altitude See parallel of altitude. HDBK-850
circle of equal declination See parallel of declination. HDBK-850
circle of latitude 1. A great circle of the celestial sphere through the ecliptic poles, and hence perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. 2. A meridian along which latitude is measured. HDBK-850
circle of longitude 1. A circle of the celestial sphere, parallel to the ecliptic. 2. A circle on the surface of the Earth, parallel to the plane of the Equator; a parallel, along which longitude is measured. Also called parallel of latitude. HDBK-850
circle of perpetual apparition That circle of the celestial sphere, centered on the polar axis and having a polar distance from the elevated pole approximately equal to the latitude of the observer, within which celestial bodies do not set. See also circle of perpetual occultation. HDBK-850
circle of perpetual occultation That circle of the celestial sphere, centered on the polar axis and having a polar distance from the depressed pole approximately equal to the latitude of the observer, within which celestial bodies do not rise. See also circle of perpetual apparition. HDBK-850
circle of position A small circle on the globe (Earth) at every point of which, at the instant of observation, the observed celestial body (sun, star, or planet) has the same altitude and, therefore, the same zenith distance. HDBK-850
circle of right ascension See hour circle. HDBK-850
circle of the sphere A circle upon the surface of the sphere, specifically of the Earth or of the heavens, called a great circle when its plane passes through the center of the sphere; in all other cases, a small circle. HDBK-850
circle position See position, definition 4. HDBK-850
circuit A multiple link communications pathway that describes a single way to communicate from one communications system node to another. C4ISR AF
circuit An electrical path between two or more points capable of providing two-way communications. [Joint Pub 6-02.1] DISA CFS
circuit (leveling or traverse) A continuous line of levels, a series of lines of levels, or a combination of lines or parts of lines of levels, such that a continuous series of measured differences of elevation extends around the circuit or loop and then back to the starting point. Also applied to a continuous line of transit traverse in a similar manner. HDBK-850
circuit closure (leveling) The amount by which the algebraic sum of the measured differences of elevation around a circuit fails to equal the theoretical closure of zero. See also error of closure, definition 4. HDBK-850
circuit switching The method of providing communications service from a local user or other switching facility, whereby an electrical connection is established rapidly between calling and called parties or stations; normally applies to analog/digital voice (telephone) switching and other modes that ride VF circuits (e.g., facsimile). [Joint Pub 6-02.1] DISA CFS
circular cylindrical coordinates See cylindrical coordinates. HDBK-850
circular error (CE) An accuracy figure representing the stated percentage of probability that any point expressed as a function of two linear components (e.g., horizontal position) will be within the given figure. Commonly used are Circular Error Probable (CEP [50 percent]), and CE (90 percent). A horizontal measurement on the ground, in feet or meters, defining a radius of a circle, within which an object of known coordinates should be found on an image. The CE value should have some measure of probability (P) associated with it. For example, a CE of 100 meters and .9 P, means that 90 percent of the time the object will fall within a circle having a radius of 100 meters. USIS 95
circular error probable (CEP) The 50 percent error interval based on the bivariate normal distribution function. Also called circular probable error. HDBK-850
circular level A spirit level having the inside surface of its upper part ground to spherical shape, the outline of the bubble formed being circular, and the graduations being concentric circles. This form of spirit level is used where a high degree of precision is not required, as in plumbing a level rod or setting an instrument in approximate position. Also called bull's-eye level; universal level. HDBK-850
circular map accuracy standard (CMAS) The United States National Map Accuracy Standards used for domestic mapping. CMAS are specified separately for horizontal and vertical mapped features. See also horizontal accuracy; vertical accuracy. HDBK-850
circular near-certainty error (3.5s) The 99.78 percent error interval based on the bivariate normal distribution function. HDBK-850
circular normal distribution See bivariate normal distribution function. HDBK-850
circular orbit An orbit that has an equal apogee and perigee. USIS 95
circular probable error (CPE) See circular error probable. HDBK-850
circular sigma See circular standard error. HDBK-850
circular standard error (sc) The 68.3 percent error interval based on the bivariate normal distribution function. Also called circular sigma. HDBK-850
circulation map See traffic circulation map. HDBK-850
circumferentor A type of surveyor's compass having slit sights on projecting arms. HDBK-850
circumlunar Around the Moon, generally applied to trajectories. HDBK-850
circummeridian altitudes Exmeridian altitudes observed for determination of latitude when a heavenly body is close to transit. HDBK-850
circumpolar Revolving about the elevated pole without setting. A celestial body is circumpolar when its polar distance is approximately equal to or less than the latitude of the observer. HDBK-850
cislunar 1. This side of the Moon. 2. Of or pertaining to phenomena, projects, or activity in the space between the Earth and the Moon, or between the Earth and the Moon's orbit. HDBK-850
cistern barometer A mercury barometer in which a column of mercury is enclosed in a vertical glass tube, the upper end of which is sealed and exhausted of air, and the lower end placed in a cistern or reservoir of mercury which is exposed to atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure on the free surface of the mercury in the cistern determines the height to which the mercury will rise in the vertical tube. This may be measured, and the pressure reported in terms of that height, as in inches of mercury. HDBK-850
city graphic (CG) Large-scale lithographic map of populated places and environs portraying streets and through-route information. Features include important buildings, airfields, military installations, industrial complexes, embassies, etc. Produced at 1:25,000 and larger scale. See also city products. HDBK-850
city plan See city products. HDBK-850
city products Large-scale maps of populated places and environs, usually portraying street and through-route information, important buildings and other urban features, airfields, port facilities, and relief, drainage, and vegetation when important. Several different types of city products are produced, among which are city graphics, city plans, city route graphics, and military city maps. Specifications for these maps vary according to particular military requirements. HDBK-850
city route graphics (CRG) See city products. HDBK-850
city survey A specialized type of land survey restricted to work completed primarily within the limits of a city. HDBK-850
civil affairs One of the three broad categories of special operational activities conducted by United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). USIS 95
Civil Applications Committee The Civil Applications Committee is an interagency group, chaired by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (with members from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Department of Agriculture (USDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United States Army Topographic Engineering Center (USATEC), Department of Energy (DoE), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)) tasked to develop procedures for using imagery intelligence (IMINT) by non-intelligence organizations. USIS 95
civil day A solar day beginning at midnight. The civil day may be based on either apparent solar time or mean solar time. See also astronomic day. HDBK-850
Civil Reserve Air Fleet A program in which the DoD uses aircraft owned by a U.S. entity or citizen. The aircraft are allocated by the Department of Transportation to augment the military airlift capability of the DoD. USIS 95
civil support Imagery used for civil purposes such as disaster assessment and relief operations, agricultural assessments, population studies and the like. USIS 95
civil time Solar time in a day (civil day) that begins at midnight. Civil time may be either apparent solar time or mean solar time; it may be counted in two series of 12 hours each, beginning at midnight, marked "am" (ante meridian), and at noon, marked "pm" (post meridian), or in a single series of 24 hours beginning at midnight. HDBK-850
Clairaut's theorem A theorem that, in its original form, relates the value of centrifugal force at the Equator to the value of gravity at the Equator. Importance to physical geodesy is that the flattening of the Earth can be obtained from gravity measurements. HDBK-850
clamping error A systematic error in observations made with a repeating theodolite caused by strains set up by the clamping devices of the instrument. HDBK-850
clandestine Secret or hidden; conducted with secrecy by design. USIS 95
Clarke Orbit A circular orbit at 22,300 miles from the surface of the Earth at which geosynchronous satellites are placed. Orbit first postulated by science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke. USIS 95
Clarke spheroid (ellipsoid) of 1866 A reference ellipsoid having the following approximate dimensions: semimajor axis-6,378,206.4 meters and the flattening or ellipticity-1/294.9786982. HDBK-850
Clarke spheroid (ellipsoid) of 1880 A reference ellipsoid having the following approximate dimensions: semimajor axis-6,378,249.145 meters; and the flattening or ellipticity-1/293.465. HDBK-850
class The set of all entities satisfying a type. RM-ODP
classification copy A specialized item of source material used as a guide by the compiler and/or draftsman in preparing a map or chart. Usually consists of detailed information pertaining to roads, railroads, city data, and the like that has been developed from field surveys. Usually furnished in the form of overlays, annotated maps, drawings, photographs, or field sheets. HDBK-850
Classification Review Task Force A task force created to examine the classifications of past and current imagery to determine whether the material would be useful to users outside of the traditional intelligence community, especially if the classifications could be downgraded. USIS 95
classification survey See field inspection. HDBK-850
Classified Hydrographic Information Processing System (CHIPS) The NIMA data base which provides navigation update information for classified charts and publications. HDBK-850
Classified Notice to Mariners (NTM) NIMA publication which provides corrective data applicable to classifies charts and publications. This information is also accessible through the Classified Hydrographic Information Processing System (CHIPS). HDBK-850
clear text encoding The encoding of information that only uses 8-bit byte values corresponding to the set of characters G(02/00) through G(07/14) of ISO 8859-1 . CEN/TC 287
clearing y-parallax See relative orientation. HDBK-850
client The code or process that invokes an operation on an object. CORBA 2.2
client {DII COE} A computer program, such as a mission application, that requires a service. Clients are consumers of data while servers are producers of data. DII COE IRTS
client/server A particular kind of computing architectural model in which consumers (clients) and producers (servers) cooperate to create an application. Clients request services from servers, while servers may service one or more clients simultaneously. A typical example of a server is a database server. An example of a client is a software component that allows an operator to prepare a query, pass the query to the database, and then display the results to the operator. DII COE IRTS
client-server architecture Any network-based software system that uses client software to request a specific service, and corresponding server software to provide the service from another computer on the network. FED STD 1037C
clinometer A simple instrument used for measuring the degree of slope in percentage or in angular measure. HDBK-850
clipping 1. (GIS) The process of subdividing overlapping polygons to produce all combinations of separate unique polygons. Also called complexing. 2. (computer graphics) The severing of that portion of a line segment which falls outside a predefined frame. HDBK-850
clock correction The quantity which is added, algebraically, to the time shown by a clock to obtain the time of a given meridian. If the clock is slow, the correction is positive; if fast, negative. When applied to a chronometer it is called chronometer correction. HDBK-850
clock rate The amount gained or lost by a clock in a unit of time. When applied to a chronometer, it is called chronometer rate. HDBK-850
clockwise angle See angle to right. HDBK-850
close range-unmanned aerial vehicle A subset of short-range UAV systems under development. Designed to provide near-real-time reconnaissance; surveillance; target acquisition; target spotting; electronic and nuclear, biological and chemical warfare . Its range extends out to 30 km beyond the forward line of own troops (FLOT) for divisions and subordinate levels of command. USIS 95
closed circuit television An in-house/organization multivideo system. USIS 95
closed traverse A survey traverse which starts and ends upon the same station, or upon stations whose relative positions have been determined by other surveys of equal or higher order of accuracy. HDBK-850
closest approach 1. The event that occurs when two planets or other celestial bodies are nearest to each other as they orbit about the Sun or other primary focii. 2. The place or time of such an event. 3. (satellite surveying) The time and location of the satellite when it is closest to the observer/receiver antenna. HDBK-850
closing The act of finishing a survey process so that the accuracy may be checked. HDBK-850
closing corner A corner established where a survey line intersects a previously fixed boundary at a point between corners. The closing corner is located by law at the actual point of intersection without regard to its monumented location. HDBK-850
closing error See error of closure, definition 1. HDBK-850
closing the horizon Measuring the last of a series of horizontal angles at a station, required to make the series complete around the horizon. At any station, the sum of the horizontal angles between adjacent lines should equal 360°. HDBK-850
closing township corner 1. (USPLS) The point of intersection of a guide meridian or a range line with a previously fixed standard parallel, or a base line. 2. The point of intersection of any township or range line with a previously fixed boundary at a point between previously established corners. See also township corner. HDBK-850
closure See error of closure, definition 1. HDBK-850
closure of horizon See error of closure, definition 6. HDBK-850
closure of traverse See error of closure, definition 8. HDBK-850
closure of triangle See error of closure, definition 7. HDBK-850
cloud coverage data Data that defines amount of cloud cover on an image. USIS 95
cloud free return The percentage of an image that is interpretable. USIS 95
cluster A configuration of engineering objects forming a single unit of deactivation, checkpointing, reactivation, recovery, and migration. A segment of virtual memory containing objects is an example of a cluster. RM-ODP
clustering operations Operations allowing one to agglomerate (cluster) individual items or features into groups. HDBK-850
coaltitude The complement of altitude, or 90 minus the altitude. The term has significance only when used in connection with altitude measured from the celestial horizon, when it is synonymous with zenith distance. HDBK-850
coast pilot See sailing directions. HDBK-850
coastal chart A nautical chart intended for offshore navigation of vessels having a need for positions relative to the coast. Depicted information supports coastal navigation and military operations. Produced from 1:100.000 to 1:1,000,000 scale. HDBK-850
coastal refraction (JCS) The change of the direction of travel of a radio ground wave as it passes from land to sea or from sea to land. Also called land effect; shoreline effect. HDBK-850
coastlining The process of obtaining data from which the coastline can be drawn on a chart. HDBK-850
coast-survey method See triangle-of-error method. HDBK-850
coated lens A lens whose air glass surfaces have been coated with a thin transparent film of such index of refraction as to minimize the light loss by reflection. This reflection loss for uncoated lenses amounts to approximately 4 percent per air glass surface. Also called bloomed lens. HDBK-850
code 1. A system of letters or symbols, and rules for their association by means of which information can be represented or communicated. 2. A symbol used in a code. ISO/TC 211
codeclination The complement of the declination; it carries the same sign as the declination; equal to the declination of the celestial pole nearest a celestial position minus the declination of the celestial positional. HDBK-850
Coder/Decoder (CODEC) Hardware or software responsible for encoding, decoding, compression, and decompression of audio and video signals. Multimedia
COE Kernel {DII COE} That subset of the COE-component segments that is required on all platforms. As a minimum, this consists of the operating system, windowing software, security, segment installation software, and an Executive Manager. The DII COE is designed to minimize the size of the kernel so that minimal resources are required at each platform. Definition of the kernel is independent of whether the platform will be used as a database server, an applications server, or a client platform. DII COE IRTS
COE-Component Segment {DII COE} A segment that is contained within the COE. All software in COE-based systems is packaged as a segment, including those within the COE itself. Strictly speaking, "COE component" is a segment attribute rather than a separate segment type. Segments are specifically identified as COE components because specialized processing is performed on them during software installation, and they are handled more rigorously in the development cycle. DII COE IRTS
coefficient of refraction The ratio of the refraction angle at the point of observation to the angle at the center of the Earth which is formed by the observer, the center of the, Earth, and point observed. HDBK-850
cogeoid See compensated geoid. HDBK-850
coincidence 1. In the measurement of angles with theodolites, the instant at which two diametrically opposed index marks on the circle are in perfect optical alignment and appear to form a continuous line across the dividing line of the circle. 2. (surveying) A prismatic arrangement common to leveling instruments wherein one-half of opposite ends of the leveling bubble are brought into view in a single image. Coincidence is achieved when the two halves of the bubble ends match. 3. (pendulum) An exact agreement in occurrence of a prescribed phase of the beat of a free-swinging pendulum and a prescribed phase of the beat of a clock or chronometer. HDBK-850
coincidence method 1. (theodolite) The procedure by which the circles of the theodolite are read. See coincidence, definition 1. 2. (pendulum) The determination of the period of a free-swinging pendulum by observing the time interval between coincidences with a clock pendulum or chronometer beat. HDBK-850
colatitude The complement of the latitude, or 90° minus the latitude. Colatitude forms one side, zenith to pole, of the astronomic triangle. It is the side opposite the celestial body. HDBK-850
collaboration Working together in a joint effort (modified from the American Heritage Dictionary). Multimedia
collaborative exploitation and analysis Exploitation and analysis with multiple participants in real time sharing resources across linked or networked systems. Efficient utilization of globally distributed imagery data, processing and analytical resources and expertise. USIS 95
collateral 1. In general, national security information (to include imagery), classified Top Secret, Secret or Confidential that is not in the Sensitive Compartmented Information category. 2. A non-IMINT intelligence product or report. 3. Files of information used by imagery analysts to support imagery exploitation activities. USIS 95
collation 1. The verification of the order, number, and date of maps. 2. The assembling of pages of publications in sequence. HDBK-850
collection Collection includes the acquisition of information and the provision of this information to processing and/or production elements. JPUB 2-0
collection The process of translating a tasking request into a raw intelligence source. This includes the determination of sensor-specific acquisition parameters, the direction of the asset, the collection of the intelligence information, and the transfer of that information to the primary collection site. USIS 95
collection (acquisition) 1. (JCS) The obtaining of information in any manner, to include direct observation, liaison with official agencies, or solicitation from official, unofficial, or public sources. 2. The process of arranging for and obtaining existing data from one or more sources for a library file or a specific mapping, charting, and geodetic production program. HDBK-850
Collection Advisor for Relocatable Targets Software that describes and justifies collection requirements, monitors collection performance, and assesses alternative collection strategies. USIS 95
collection and imagery processing integration The concept of onboard processing (OBP) integrates the functional processes of spaceborne (or airborne) collection with imagery processing. USIS 95
collection anomaly feedback Provided to the applicable program office by CIO [NIMA] to aid in the improvement, enhancement and current operating capabilities of a sensor. USIS 95
collection coordinates The latitude and longitude used as the primary aim point by the imaging system to acquire coverage of a target. USIS 95
Collection Coordination and Intelligence Requirements Management The Allied Command Europe (NATO) structure that governs the submission of non-US (NATO) intelligence requirements. USIS 95
Collection Coordination Facility Now the Defense Collection Coordination Center (DCCC). USIS 95
Collection Coordination Facility Support System The system used by DIA requirement managers in the Defense Collection Coordination Center (DCCC) to manage time-sensitive IMINT requirements. USIS 95
collection frequency The time between successive imaging of a target. USIS 95
collection management See Requirements Management. USIS 95
Collection Management Support Terminal A stand-alone personal computer with Navy-developed software that assists the collection manager in the performance of his duty. It is basically used as a storage and retrieval system for collection requirements. USIS 95
collection operations management Primarily an operations staff function based on the collection tasking and mission guidance developed in support of information requirements. This function relies heavily on supporting organizations and other units or agencies that own and operate collection assets or resources. Collection operations management consists of the following tasks: (1) planning, scheduling, and control of collection operations. (2) Execution of collection operations. (3) Exploitation and dissemination of results. USIS 95
collection requirement 1. An established intelligence need considered in the allocation of intelligence resources to fulfill the essential elements of information and other intelligence needs. 2. An expression of an intelligence information need that requires collection and carries at least an implicit authorization to commit resources in acquiring the needed information. 3. A request for discipline-specific collection action to satisfy a specific or general intelligence information need. 4. An IMINT, SIGINT, HUMINT, or MASINT requirement for intelligence collection against a stated objective. Collection requirements are processed and reviewed as immediates, routines, or standings depending on the fleeting or nonfleeting nature of an issue. USIS 95
collection requirements management More generally referred to as requirements management. Collection requirements management is primarily an intelligence staff function accomplished in conjunction with an all-source intelligence production organization. It begins with the collection plan and continues through the following tasks: (1) receipt and analysis of requirements; (2) determination of asset/resource availability/capability; (3) task/request tasking or resources; (4) evaluation of reporting/user satisfaction; (5) update of collection plan. USIS 95
Collection Requirements Management Application (CRMA) When fielded, CRMA will be an automated intelligence collection requirements management system. It will consist of separate subsystems for processing and satisfaction following HUMINT, SIGINT, and IMINT collection requirements. See Joint Collection Management Tools (JCMT). USIS 95
collection satisfaction accounting unit The unit of accounting for determining collection satisfaction of the various target types. USIS 95
collection strategy Definition, compilation, evaluation, and documentation of imagery collection requirements. USIS 95
collection tasking management Collection tasking management encompasses the capabilities required to convert collection nominations into approved, prioritized collection requirements and pass them to a collection resource for action. USIS 95
collimate 1. (physics and astronomy) To render parallel to a certain line or direction; to render parallel, as rays of light; to adjust the line of sight or lens axis of an optical instrument so that it is in its proper position relative to the other parts of the instrument. 2. (photogrammetry) To adjust the fiducial marks of a camera so that they define the principal point. Also called adjustment for collimation; collimation adjustment. See also collimating marks. HDBK-850
collimating eyepiece A prismatic eyepiece used with a collimator. HDBK-850
collimating marks Index marks, rigidly connected with the camera body, which form images on the negative. These images are used to determine the position of the optical center or principal point of the imagery. Also called fiducial marks. HDBK-850
collimation adjustment See collimate, definition 2. HDBK-850
collimation axis In an optical instrument, the line through the rear nodal point of the objective lens that is precisely parallel with the center line of the instrument. HDBK-850
collimation error The angle by which the line of sight of an optical instrument differs from its collimation axis. Also called error of collimation. HDBK-850
collimation plane The plane described by the collimation axis of a telescope of a transit when rotated around its horizontal axis. HDBK-850
collimator An optical device for artificially creating a target at infinite distance, a beam of parallel rays of light; used in testing and adjusting certain optical instruments. It usually consists of a converging lens and a target, a system or arrangement of cross hairs, placed at the principal focus of the lens. See also autocollimator; collimating eyepiece; vertical collimator. HDBK-850
collocation Targets are considered to be collocated when they are within 1 nautical mile of each other and serve the same purpose. USIS 95
color composite A composite in which the component images are shown in different colors. See also composite. HDBK-850
color gradients See hypsometric tinting. HDBK-850
color mixture curve A g