COST ($ In Thousands) | FY 1996 Actual | FY 1997 Estimate | FY 1998 Estimate | FY 1999 Estimate | FY 2000 Estimate | FY 2001 Estimate | FY 2002 Estimate | FY 2003 Estimate | Cost to Complete | Total Cost | |
Total Program Element (PE) Cost | 27,403 | 32,766 | 24,013 | 35,341 | 24,972 | 13,141 | 13,896 | 14,356 | Continuing | TBD | |
3330 | Cmd Cntrl Info Process Sys (C2IPS) | 5,531 | 5,469 | 4,764 | 22,102 | 12,333 | 2,376 | 2,374 | 2,477 | Continuing | TBD |
4287 | Contingency Theater Automated Planning System (CTAPS) | 18,425 | 23,970 | 12,886 | 9,222 | 8,765 | 6,847 | 11,522 | 11,879 | Continuing | TBD |
4288 | Wing C2 System (WCCS) | 3,447 | 3,327 | 6,363 | 4,017 | 3,874 | 3,918 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31,778 |
Quantity of RDT&E Articles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(U) A. Mission Description and Budget Item Justification
The Theater Battle Management Core Systems (TBMCS) develops force-level and wing-level command, control, and intelligence systems which utilize DoD's Global Command and Control System (GCCS) Defense Information Infrastructure (DII) common operating environment (COE). Acquisition of these systems will allow the execution of TBM planning, intelligence, and operational functions of the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC), including the air tasking order (ATO). Projects included in this program are Command & Control Information Processing System (C2IPS), Contingency Theater Automated Planning System (CTAPS), and Wing Command & Control System (WCCS). Another project, Combat Intelligence System (CIS), is also part of the TBMCS, but RDT&E funds for CIS are programmed under PEs 0604321F, 0207431F, and 0305158F (FY97), and 0207414F (FY98+). The TBMCS program is in Budget Activity 7, Operational Systems Development, and is a Post Milestone III effort.
(U) Acquisition Strategy:
Electronic Systems Center (ESC), Hanscom AFB, MA will manage the overall TBMCS program (CTAPS, WCCS, CIS, and C2IPS). Lockheed-Martin Command and Control Systems (LMCCS) was competitively selected and is performing the TBMCS software integration and - when directed by the government - will develop individual applications consistent with the GCCS DII COE. C2IPS efforts will continue under the current prime contractor, Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), through FY97. C2IPS migration into TBMCS will begin in FY98 using the TBMCS Integration & Development (I&D) contractor LMCCS.
(U) B. Program Change Summary ($ in Thousands)
(U) Change Summary Explanation:
Funding: FY96: Appropriated Value includes a Congressional "increase of $5,000,000 [over FY96 PB request of $24,813 thousand] only for ... the capability to generate and automatically disseminate Air Tasking Orders." Rescissions for Bosnia/Jordanian F-16s ($718 thousand total) and Administrative/Personnel ($24 thousand).
FY97: Appropriated Value includes $3,500,000 increase "to support a 1998 completion date of version 1.0 of the TBMCS."
FY98: Funds added to C2IPS program and TBM fund realignment.
FY99: Funds added to integrate Combat Integration Capability into TBMCS; incorporate the new ATO format into C2IPS and WCCS; begin migrating C2IPS into TBMCS.
Schedule: See Individual Projects.
Technical: See Individual Projects.
(U) C. Other Program Funding Summary ($ in Thousands)
Compl Cost
FY 1996
FY 1997
FY 1998
FY 1999
Total Cost
(U) FY 1997 President's Budget
27,844
30,915
14,980
12,411
TBD
(U) Appropriated Value
29,813
34,415
(U) Adjustments to Appropriated Value
a. Congressional Reductions
-1,034
-827
b. Small Business Innovative Research
-634
-822
c. Rescissions
-742
(U) Adjustments to Budget Years Since FY 1997 PB
+9,033
+22,930
(U) FY 1998/1999 Biennial Budget
27,403
32,766
24,013
35,341
TBD
FY 1996
FY 1997
FY 1998
FY 1999
FY 2000
FY 2001
FY 2002
FY 2003 To
Total
(U) Other Procurement, AF (0207438F)
58,025
48,433
51,259
50,862
52,027
56,911
49,678
47,902
Cont
TBD
(U) Operations and Maintenance, AF (0207438F)
15,520
9,912
7,627
9,410
9,720
10,654
10,365
10,885
Cont
TBD
(U) Operations and Maintenance, AF (0207415F)
7,679
9,105
18,566
20,505
20,871
22,302
13,376
13,645
Cont
TBD
(U) D. Schedule Profile
FY 1996 | FY 1997 | FY 1998 | FY 1999 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
(U) WCCS 1.2 Release | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) CTAPS Version 5.2 Release | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) TBMCS I&D Contract Award | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) TBMCS S/W Version 1.0 | ||||||||||||||||
(U) Preliminary Design Review | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) In-Plant Test | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) Version 1.0 Release | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) TBMCS S/W Version 2.0 | ||||||||||||||||
(U) Preliminary Design Review | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) In-Plant Test | ||||||||||||||||
(U) Version 2.0 Release |
(U) A. Mission Description and Budget Item Justification
The Command & Control Information Processing System (C2IPS) project develops communications and information processing hardware and software for all echelons of the Air Mobility Command (AMC). C2IPS provides AMC the capability to monitor in real-time the operational airlift and tanker functions associated with mission execution worldwide. The integration of C2IPS computer resources and software with improved High Frequency (HF) equipment and other available communications media will result in a unified AMC C2 System.
The C2IPS will be developed and installed in four increments. Increment 1 provided a digital data message handling capability at each Information Processing System (IPS) node and implements mission execution monitoring. Increment 2 builds on Increment 1 software to support mission planning and scheduling. Increment 3 will provide C2IPS with a client server architecture as part of the system migration efforts. Increment 4 completes the directed C2IPS efforts for the incremental development, and lays the foundation for the migration strategy that will merge features of C2IPS into TBMCS. This project is in Budget Category 7, Operational Systems Development and is a post-Milestone III effort.
(U) FY 1996 ($ in Thousands)
(U) $ 1,956 | Complete Increment 2 software development. |
(U) $ 3,189 | Starts Increment 3 software development. |
(U) $ 386 | Continue implementation of force- and unit-level migration strategies. |
(U) $5 4 software development. | |
(U) $ 1,336 | Continue implementation of force- and unit-level migration strategies. |
(U) $ 255 | Complete Operational Test & Evaluation (OT&E) force and unit level migration. |
(U) $5,469 | Total |
(U) $ 2,582 | Increment 4 software development |
(U) $ 2,182 | Continue implementation of force- and unit-level migration strategies |
(U) $4,764 | Total |
(U) FY 1999 ($ in Thousands)
(U) $19,986 | Theater Battle Management migration |
(U) $ 2,116 | Continue implementation of force- and unit-level migration strategies |
(U) $22,102 | Total |
(U) B. Program Change Summary ($ in Thousands)
FY 1996 | FY 1997 | FY 1998 | TBD | ||
(U) Appropriated Value | 5,701 | 5,779 | |||
(U) Adjustments to Appropriated Value | |||||
a. Congressional Reductions | -172 | ||||
b. Small Business Innovative Research | -138 | ||||
c. Rescissions | -170 | ||||
(U) Adjustments to Budget Years Since FY 1997 PB | +4,764 | +22,102 | |||
(U) FY 1998/1999 Biennial | 5,531 | 5,469 | 4,764 | 22,102 | TBD |
(U) Change Summary Explanation:
Funding: FY96: Rescissions include a distributed amount of reductions for Bosnia/Jordanian F-16s.
FY98 and 99 funds are realigned from project 4288.
Schedule: N/A
Technical: N/A
(U) C. Other Program Funding Summary ($ in Thousands) - Not Applicable.
(U) D. Schedule Profile
FY 1996 | FY 1997 | FY1998 | FY1999 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
(U) Increment 2.0C | ||||||||||||||||
(U) Test Readiness Review (TRR) | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) Development Test & Evaluation
(DT&E) |
X | |||||||||||||||
(U) Increment 2.0D | ||||||||||||||||
(U) TRR | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) DT&E | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) Operational Test & Evaluation
(OT&E) |
X | |||||||||||||||
(U) Increment 3 | ||||||||||||||||
(U) System Requirement Review (SSR) | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) PDR/CDR | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) TRR | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) DT&E | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) Increment 4 | ||||||||||||||||
(U) SSR | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) PDR | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) TRR | X | |||||||||||||||
(U) DT&E | X |
(U) A. Project Cost Breakdown ($ in Thousands)
FY 1996 | FY 1997 | FY 1998 | FY 1999 | |
(U) Major Product Development Contracts | 3,024 | 3,614 | 2,582 | 19,986 |
(U) Support Contracts | 1,861 | 1,394 | 1,754 | 1,582 |
(U) Program Management Support | 646 | 461 | 428 | 534 |
(U) Total | 5,531 | 5,469 | 4,764 | 22,102 |
(U) B. Budget Acquisition History and Planning Information ($ in Thousands)
Performing Organizations:
Contractor or Government Performing Activity | Contract Method/Type or Funding Vehicle | Award or Obligation Date | Performing Activity EAC | Project Office EAC | Total Prior to FY 1996 | Budget FY 1996 | Budget FY 1997 | Budget FY 1998 | Budget FY 1999 | Budget to Complete | Total Program |
Product Development Organizations |
CSC | C/FFIP/FP | Dec 88 | n/a | n/a | 4,106 | 3,024 | 3,614 | 2,582 | 19,986 | Cont. | TBD |
Support and Management Organizations |
MITRE | SS/T&M | Oct 94 | n/a | n/a | 1,471 | 1,431 | 1,148 | 1,508 | 1,336 | Cont. | TBD |
TEMS | Various | Various | n/a | n/a | 230 | 430 | 246 | 246 | 246 | Cont. | TBD |
ESC | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 824 | 646 | 461 | 428 | 534 | Cont. | TBD |
Test and Evaluation Organizations - Not Applicable. |
Government Furnished Property: Not Applicable
Subtotal Product Development
4,106
3,024
3,614
2,582
19,986Cont.TBD
Subtotal Support and Management
2,525
2,507
1,855
2,182
2,116Cont.TBD
Subtotal Test and Evaluation
Total Project6,631
5,531
5,469
4,764
22,102Cont.TBD
(U) A. Mission Description and Budget Item Justification
The Contingency Theater Automated Planning System (CTAPS) program directly supports the Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC) in the planning and execution of the theater air campaign down to the unit level. The system is designed to an open system standard, promoting interoperability among USAF, Services, and Allied command and control systems. The air tasking order generation and dissemination capabilities of CTAPS are the standard for all DoD command and control systems. The program utilizes an evolutionary acquisition strategy that accommodates changes in user requirements and improvements in commercial technology through a series of planned incremental software releases. On-going efforts are migrating the current system to Global Command and Control System (GCCS) Defense Information Infrastructure (DII) common operating environment (COE), ensuring compatibility, interoperability, and commonality among services
(U) FY 1996 ($ in Thousands)
(U) $ 3,000 | Complete and field CTAPS software version 5.2. |
(U) $ 5,425 | Continue version planning process, design and development for TBMCS software version 1.0, and initiate full Ops/Intel interoperability. |
(U) $ 500 | Continue development and testing for a Battlefield Situational Awareness capability. |
(U) $ 2,200 | Continue Air Support Operations Center (ASOC) software development and complete engineering and manufacturing development effort. |
(U) $ 215 | Complete Rome Lab development of the Advanced Planning System (Transitioned to I&D Contractor). |
(U) $ 5,000 | Initiate Air Battle Planning and Architecture modifications to support the new Air Tasking Order (ATO) format. |
(U) $ 775 | Initiate Air Battle Operations and execution modifications to support the new ATO format. |
(U) $ 1,310 | Systems engineering and support. |
(U) $18,425 | Total |
(U) FY 1997 ($ in Thousands)
(U) $17,120 | Complete version planning process, continue design/development of TBMCS version 1.0, and the full Ops/Intel interoperability. |
(U) $ 1,300 | Complete ASOC software development. |
(U) $ 3,500 | Continue Air Battle Planning and Architecture modifications to support the new Air Tasking Order (ATO) format. |
(U) $ 1,000 | Initiate version planning and design for TBMCS Version 2. |
(U) $ 1,050 | Systems engineering and support. |
(U) $23,970 | Total |
(U) FY 1998 ($ in Thousands):
(U) $ 9,593 | Complete TBMCS software version 1.0 development and initiate TBMCS software version 2.0 development. |
(U) $ 1,293 | System engineering and support. |
(U) $ 2,000 | Integrate Combat Integration Capability (CIC) into TBMCS. |
(U) $12,886 | Total |
(U) FY 1999 ($ in Thousands):
(U) $ 6,862 | Continue TBMCS software version 2.0 development and initiate TBMCS software version 3.0 planning and design. |
(U) $ 1,360 | System engineering and support. |
(U) $ 1,000 | Continue integration efforts of CIC into TBMCS. |
(U) $9,222 | Total |
(U) B. Program Change Summary ($ in Thousands) | FY 1996 | FY 1997 | FY 1998 | FY 1999 | Total Cost |
(U) FY 1997 President's Budget | 18,555 | 21,634 | 11,231 | 8,500 | TBD |
(U) Appropriated Value | 20,524 | 25,134 | |||
(U) Adjustments to Appropriated Value | |||||
a. Congressional Reductions | -1,034 | -563 | |||
b. Small Business Innovative Research | -634 | -601 | |||
c. Rescissions | -431 | ||||
(U) Adjustments to Budget Years Since FY 1997 PB | +1,655 | +722 | |||
(U) FY 1998/1999 Biennial Budget | 18,425 | 23,970 | 12,886 | 9,222 | TBD |
(U) Change Summary Explanation:
Funding: FY96: In addition to cuts taken to pay for Congressionally mandated reductions, rescissions include a distributed amount of reductions for Bosnia/Jordanian F-16s and Administrative/Personnel reductions.
FY97: Appropriated Value includes $3,500,000 increase "to support a 1998 completion date of version 1.0 of the TBMCS."
FY98: Funds added integrate Combat Integration Capability (CIC) into TBMCS.
FY99: Funds added to continue to integrate CIC into TBMCS.
Schedule: Not Applicable.
Technical: FY 98/99: Add Combat Integration Capability (CIC) within TBMCS.
(U) C. Other Program Funding Summary ($ in Thousands) - Please see Program Summary above.
(U) D. Schedule Profile - Please see Program Summary above.
(U) A. Project Cost Breakdown ($ in Thousands)
FY 1996 | FY 1997 | FY 1998 | FY 1999 | |
(U) System Integration and Development | 17,115 | 22,920 | 11,593 | 7,862 |
(U) System Engineering | 380 | 400 | 618 | 640 |
(U) TEMS | 200 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
(U) SPO Support | 730 | 250 | 275 | 320 |
(U) Total | 18,425 | 23,970 | 12,886 | 9,222 |
(U) B. Budget Acquisition History and Planning Information ($ in Thousands)
Performing Organizations:
Contractor or Government Performing Activity | Contract Method/Type or Funding Vehicle | Award or Obligation Date | Performing Activity EAC |
Project
Office
EAC |
Total
Prior to FY 1996 |
Budget
FY 1996 |
Budget
FY 1997 |
>Budget
FY 1998 |
Budget
FY 1999 |
Budget to Complete | Total Program |
Product Development Organizations |
LMCCS | C/CPAF/PR | Oct 95 | n/a | n/a | 1,169 | 10,640 | 21,620 | 11,593 | 7,862 | Cont. | TBD |
SAIC (S/W INT) Hampton VA | C/CPFF/FCA | Mar 94 | n/a | n/a | 11,085 | 3,000 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14,085 |
SAIC (ASOC/BSD) Hampton VA, Anchorage AK | C/CPFF/FCA | Feb 94 | n/a | n/a | 3,759 | 1,800 | 1,300 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6,859 |
PARAMAX (APS) St Paul MN | C/CPFF/FCA | Mar 94 | n/a | n/a | 1,207 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1,207 |
INEL (ASOC) Idaho Falls ID | C/CPFF/FCA | Oct 94 | n/a | n/a | 1,243 | 900 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2,143 |
Miscellaneous | Various | Various | n/a | n/a | 410 | 775 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cont. | TBD |
Support and Management Organizations |
MITRE | SS/T&M | Oct 94 | n/a | n/a | 5,237 | 380 | 400 | 618 | 640 | Cont. | TBD |
TEMS | C/T&M | Various | n/a | n/a | 1,430 | 200 | 400 | 400 | 400 | Cont. | TBD |
Miscellaneous | Various | Various | n/a | n/a | 2,137 | 730 | 250 | 275 | 320 | Cont. | TBD |
Test and Evaluation Organizations - Not Applicable |
Government Furnished Property: Not Applicable
Subtotal Product Development | 18,873 | 17,115 | 22,920 | 11,593 | 7,862 | Cont. | TBD |
Subtotal Support and Management | 8,804 | 1,310 | 1,050 | 1,293 | 1,365 | Cont. | TBD |
Subtotal Test and Evaluation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cont. | TBD |
Total Project | 27,677 | 18,425 | 23,970 | 12,886 | 9,222 | Cont. | TBD |
(U) A. Mission Description and Budget Item Justification
This project includes development of mission critical application software for WCCS operating on commercially available hardware and system software. Wing commanders require an accurate, composite picture of their wing's total resources to effectively command, control, and manage their forces in support of their combat sortie generation and reporting responsibilities. Key functional areas (operations, maintenance, mission planning, intelligence, weather, etc.) use WCCS to support the wing commander in the mission execution and reporting process by exchanging critical command and control and intelligence information with functional counterparts located throughout the wing. The introduction of increasingly sophisticated weapon systems - with their need for and ability to produce large amounts of data - require an automated C2 system to bring meaningful, consolidated information to the Commander in near real-time. Today, this information is relayed over secure and unsecured telephones, radios, and other communications devices, as well as by runners to update multi-user status displays (grease boards) or hand written logs. These techniques have not changed substantially since World War II, and are cumbersome, error-prone, are subject to security compromise, and involve duplication of effort. Disparate programs have led to the proliferation of stovepipe systems which can not provide interoperability and do not adequately meet the needs of today's air operations. The WCCS program will design, develop, and install an automated, standard wing-level C2 system that will be tailored to meet unique organizational requirements, provide interoperability, and reduce training and maintenance costs. This is in Budget Activity 7, Operational Systems Development. This program is a post-Milestone III effort.
(U) FY 1996 ($ in Thousands):
(U) $ 2,436 | Initiate version planning process, design and development for TBMCS software version 1.0. |
(U) Continue graphical user interface standardization. | |
(U) Continue Decision Support System (DSS) Module. | |
(U) Initiate Scheduler. | |
(U) Continue first phase of security enhancement implementation. | |
(U) Continue unit/force level integration. | |
(U) $ 1,011 | System engineering and support. |
(U) $3,447 | Total |
(U) FY 1997 ($ in Thousands):
(U) $ 2,067 | Continue design and development of TBMCS software version 1.0. |
(U) Complete scheduler. | |
(U) Phase II Decision Support System (DDS) Module. | |
(U) Continue first phase of security enhancement implementation. | |
(U) Include/modify unit/force level interfaces (Air Force Mission Support System (AFMSS), Automated Weather Distribution System
(AWDS), Base Recovery Control System (BRCS), and Combat Ammunition System-Base (CAS-B). | |
(U) P3I efforts. | |
(U) Continue force/unit level migration. | |
(U) $ 500 | Initiate TBMCS software version 2.0 version planning and design. |
(U) $ 760 | System engineering and support. |
(U) $3,327 | Total |
(U) FY 1998 ($ in Thousands):
(U) $2,614 | Development work to incorporate new ATO format into WCCS. |
(U) $2,759 | Continue TBMCS software version 1.0 development and initiate TBMCS software version 2.0 development. |
(U) $ 990 | System engineering and support. |
(U) $6,363 | Total |
(U) FY 1999 ($ in Thousands):
(U) $3,067 | Continue TBMCS software version 2.0 development; initiate planning and design for TBMCS software version 3.0. |
(U) $1,950 | System engineering and support. |
(U) $4,017 | Total |
(U) B. Program Change Summary ($ in Thousands)
FY 1996 |
FY 1997 |
FY 1998 |
FY 1999 |
Total
Cost | |
(U) FY 1997 President's Budget | 3,588 | 3,502 | 3,749 | 3,911 | TBD |
(U) Appropriated Value | 3,588 | 3,502 | |||
(U) Adjustments to Appropriated Value | |||||
a. Congressional Reductions | -92 | ||||
b. Small Business Innovative Research | -83 | ||||
c. Rescissions | -141 | ||||
(U) Adjustments to Budget Years Since FY 1997 PB | +2,614 | +106 | |||
(U) FY 1998/1999 Biennial Budget | 3,447 | 3,327 | 6,363 | 4,017 | TBD |
(U) Change Summary Explanation:
Funding: FY96: Rescissions include a distributed amount of reductions for Bosnia/Jordanian F-16s.
FY98 and FY99: Funds added to integrate the new Air Tasking Order (ATO) into WCCS.
Schedule: N/A
Technical: FY 98 and 99: Add new format ATO capability.
(U) C. Other Program Funding Summary ($ in Thousands) - Please see Program Summary above.
(U) D. Schedule Profile - Please see Program Summary above.
(U) A. Project Cost Breakdown ($ in Thousands)
(U) B. Budget Acquisition History and Planning Information ($ in Thousands)
Performing Organizations:
EAC Prior to
FY 1996 FY 1996 FY 1997 FY 1998 FY 1999
FY 1996
FY 1997
FY 1998
FY 1999
(U) System Integration and Development
2,436
2,567
5,373
3,067
(U) System Engineering
344
400
470
440
(U) TEMS
220
200
280
280
(U) SPO Support
447
160
240
230
(U) Total
3,447
3,327
6,363
4,017
Contractor or
Government
Performing
Activity
Contract
Method/Type
or Funding
Vehicle
Award or
Obligation
Date
Performing
Activity
EAC
Project
Office
Total
Budget
Budget
Budget
Budget
Budget to
Complete
Total
Program
Product Development Organizations
LMCCS
C/CPAF/PR
Oct 95
n/a
n/a
50
2,436
2,567
5,373
3,067
Cont.
TBD
SAIC
C/CPFF/FCA
Jan 94
n/a
n/a
5,000
0
0
0
0
0
5,000
Support and Management Organizations
MITRE
SS/T&M
Oct 94
n/a
n/a
750
344
425
470
440
Cont.
TBD
Miscellaneous
Various
Various
n/a
n/a
904
642
335
520
510
Cont.
TBD
Test and Evaluation Organizations - Not Applicable
Government Furnished Property:
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Item
Description
Contract
Method/Type
or Funding
Vehicle
Award or
Obligation
Date
Delivery
Date
Total
Prior to
FY 1996
Budget
FY 1996
Budget
FY 1997
Budget
FY 1998
Budget
FY 1999
Budget to
Complete
Total
Program
Product Development Property
Local Purchase
Various
Various
Various
128
25
0
0
0
Cont.
TBD
Support and Management Property - Not Applicable
Test and Evaluation Property - Not Applicable
Subtotal Product Development
5,178
2,461
2,592
5,373
3,067
Cont.
TBD
Subtotal Support and Management
1,654
986
735
990
950
Cont.
TBD
Subtotal Test and Evaluation
0
0
0
0
0
Cont.
TBD
Total Project
6,832
3,447
3,327
6,363
4,017
Cont.
TBD