MCO 3430.2A OTOO21-jvd 7 Nov 1978 MARINE CORPS ORDER 3430.2A From: Commandant of the Marine Corps To: Distribution List Subj: Electronic Warfare (EW) Policy Encl: (1) Marine Corps Policy for Electronic Warfare 1. Purpose. To provide policy guidance for the conduct of EW by Marine Corps forces. 2. Cancellation. MCO 03430.2. 3. Background. The conduct of EW is important to the Marine Corps as an instrument of modern warfare, and will be planned for and employed as a supporting arm. 4. Implementation. Policy guidance for the conduct of EW operations by Marine Corps forces is contained in enclosure (1). 5. Reserve Applicability. This Order is applicable to the Marine Corps Reserve. E. J. MEGARR By direction DISTRIBUTION: A Copy to: 8145001 PCN 102 032900 00 MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 MARINE CORPS POLICY FOR ELECTRONIC WARFARE SECTION I DEFINITIONS 1. Electronic Warfare. Military actions involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and actions which retain friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are three divisions within electronic warfare: a. Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ESM). That division of EW involving actions taken to search for, intercept, locate and immediately identify radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of threat recognition. Thus, EW support measures provide a source of information required for immediate action, involving electronic countermeasures, electronic counter-countermeasures, avoidance, targeting, and other tactical employment of forces. b. Electronic Countermeasures (ECM). That division of EW involving actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum. ECM include: (1) Jamming. The deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflecting of electromagnetic energy with the object of impairing the use of electronic devices, equipment, or systems being used by an enemy. (2) Deception. The deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic energy in a manner intended to mislead an enemy in the interpretation or use of information received by the enemy's electronic systems. There are two general categories of electronic deception: (a) Imitative Deception. The introduction of radiation into enemy operational systems which imitate the enemy's emissions. (b) Manipulative Deception. The alteration or simulation of friendly electromagnetic emissions to accomplish deception. c. Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM). Measures and actions taken to ensure effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite the enemy use of EW. 2. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT). The product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of information derived from communications intelligence (COMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), and telemetry intelligence (TELINT). (TELINT is primarily strategic in nature and will not be addressed further in this order.) 3. Communications Intelligence (COMINT). Technical intelligence information derived from foreign communications. 4. Electronic Intelligence (ELINT). The intelligence information product of activities engaged in collection and processing for subsequent intelligence purposes of foreign noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources. 5. Emission Control (EMCON). A means of selectively managing electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emissions to minimize detection by enemy sensors, mutual interference among friendly systems, and/or to execute a military deception plan. 6. Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming, Interference (MIJI) a. Meaconing. A system of transmitting actual or simulated radio navigation signals for the purpose of confusing navigation. For example, meaconing stations can cause inaccurate bearings to be obtained by aircraft, ships, or ground stations. b. Intrusion. The intentional insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths in any manner with the objective of deceiving operators or causing confusion. c. Jamming. The deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the object of impairing the use of electronic devices, equipment, or systems being used by an enemy. d. Interference. Interference is any harmful radiation, the source of which cannot be positively identified as locally generated spurious signals or technical difficulties, or other readily identifiable and easily correctable sources. For MIJI evaluation purposes, ENCLOSURE (1) 1 MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 interference is any electromagnetic emission causing undesirable responses which degrade, disturb, or disrupt the design function of devices or systems which employ electromagnetic energy. For frequency management purposes, the term harmful interference is used to denote any emission, radiation, or induction which endangers the functioning of a radio navigation service or of other safety services, or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radio communications service.operating in accordance with international regulations. Additionally, the term harmful interference is used to denote that type of interference which actually causes circuit outage on a frequency as opposed to interference which is purely a source of annoyance. 7. Signals Security (SIGSEC). A generic term which includes both communications security and electronic security. 8. Communications Security (COMSEC) . The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from possession and study of telecommunications, or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of results of such possession and study. 9. Electronics Security (ELSEC). The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value which might be derived from their interception and study of noncommunications electromagnetic radiations, e.g., radar. ENCLOSURE (1) 2 MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 SECTION II ELECTRONIC WARFARE ORGANIZATION 1. The Commandant of the Marine Corps exercises overall responsibility for EW through the following organizations: a. Headquarters Marine Corps. The Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Training (CMC (Code OF) exercises principal staff cognizance over matters relating to EW policy, doctrine, programs, mission, concept of employment, and operational and training objectives. This is accomplished in coordination with the Deputy Chief of Staff for Aviation (CMC (Code A)) and the Director of Intelligence (CMC (Code INT)) who are responsible for the Marine Corps EW posture as it pertains to air and ground EW requirements respectively. This effort provides continued vigilance in areas of research, development, testing and evaluation, procurement, deployment, training, operational employment and continuous liaison with EW activities relative to aviation and/or ground EW matters. These departments also serve as MOS sponsors for VMAQ-2 and Radio Battalion personnel respectively. Since the focal point for all EW matters rests with the DC/S for O&T, that Department provides membership to boards/and committees which interface with the various offices of the Secretary of Defense, the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the other military Services to ensure Marine Corps EW matters are considered in joint and combined actions. The DC/S for O&T also provides the chairman for the HQMC EW Board whose basic function is to address matters which would improve the current EW posture of the Marine Corps. Director, Command, Control, Communications and Computer (C4) Systems Division (CMC (Code CC)) has cognizance over COMSEC, communications ECCM and computer security. The Deputy Chief of Staff for Research, Development and Studies (CMC (Code RD&S)) has cognizance over EW research, development, test and evaluation, and study efforts and insures that these efforts are conducted in accordance with appropriate directives. b. Commanding General, Marine Corps Development and Education Command (CG MCDEC). CG MCDEC, through the Education Center, provides formal EW education to officers assigned to the various Marine Corps Schools, and through the Development Center conducts research and development to meet future EW requirements. Additionally, CG MCDEC is responsible for the formulation of FMFMs and other doctrinal publications relative to EW tactics and operational procedures. c. Fleet Marine Force Commanders. Fleet Marine Force commanders are responsible for the overall readiness of EW resources to carry out the responsibilities assigned by respective Fleet Commanders in support of their published objectives. This includes responsibility for identifying requirements for resources, proper employment of these resources, security, review of tactics and doctrine and the training and readiness of assigned EW equipments, systems, and personnel. ENCLOSURE (1) 3 SECTION III GENERAL POLICIES 1. Commanders will initiate, and prosecute on a continuing basis, a vigorous EW program to improve-and maintain the highest possible state of EW readiness in response to the objectives promulgated by higher authority. The following policies will be followed in the preparation of EW plans and the conduct of EW training: a. Planning. The increased reliance which modern combat forces have placed on weapons systems employing electromagnetic energy requires dynamic EW planning at all echelons to ensure effective support of commanders' objectives, missions and tasks. During the course of operational planning commanders will: (1) Plan to operate in a congested electromagnetic environment (congested to the point that no electronic command and control may be available during critical periods.) (2) Identify the EW capabilities required and provide for their employment in operation plans. (3) Ensure that intelligence support to planned EW operations includes available support from the SIGINT resources. (4) Emphasize coordination of EW operations with physical destruction resources against enemy communications, electronic- dependent weapons, and surveillance systems. Concurrently, determine and apply those measures necessary to maintain the effectiveness of friendly communications, weapons control, and surveillance systems under hostile ECM conditions. (5) Plan EW in conjunction with SIGINT, communications, operations security (OPSEC), deception, weapons employment, radar use, and navigation and recognition aids in order to minimize mutual interference problems. Resources to be considered should include those external as well as those internal to the command. (6) Plan to operate with and complement allied/joint service doctrine and capabilities in combined operations and exercises. (7) Employ EW to the maximum extent feasible in exercises and ensure comprehensive evaluation of communications and all facets of EW as part of the planning cycle. (8) Maintain an EW staff capability under the cognizance of the G/S-3 and ensure subordinate commands possess an adequate number of EW trained personnel down to the squadron/battalion level to aid in the planning/training effort. (9) EW planning will be the staff responsibility of the G/S-3 (Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO)). The EWO conducts planning in coordination with the G/S-2 and the Communications Electronics officer (CEO). b. Training. EW training is an essential element of military preparedness and must be emphasized during peacetime. The training environment should be an extension of the potential battlefield in order to ensure that the highest possible combat capability is achieved and maintained. Commanders must recognize advantages and disadvantages of operating in an EW environment. Training which provides this experience can minimize the impact of hostile efforts and ensure effective control and employment of maneuver units and supporting arms during operations. EW training includes that specialized training required by EW specialists and units as well as the indoctrination, planning and environmental training required by all other individuals, units, staffs and commanders. (1) EW training is a commander's responsibility. (2) EW training, as appropriate, will be provided at Marine Corps formal schools. At a minimum training will include: (a) Basic EW terminology (b) The enemy EW threat (c) Marine Corps EW units and capabilities (d) Employment of EW support (e) ECM/ECCM techniques (f) MIJI reporting ENCLOSURE (1) 5 MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 (3) Commanders will institute training programs for the purpose of training command, staff, and communications-electronics users in EW. The training programs should provide an awareness of the impact that EW operations, both enemy and friendly, will have on the battlefield and include specific unit and individual training objectives. (4) Limited EW training assistance is available from FMF EW units, i.e., the radio battalions, VMAQ-2, Marine Aviation Weapons Tactics Squadron (MAWTS) and Landing Force Training Commands. (5) EW training will be employed in training exercises to the maximum extent feasible. EW training objectives will be included in all training exercises and CPXs of battalion size and higher. These objectives should require the exercising of ECCM techniques, EMCON, requesting of EW support, MIJI reporting and the integration of EW functions required of appropriate levels of command. (6) The employment of cross-training with other services is encouraged. Crosstraining will create a mutual understanding of each service's capabilities and could prove to be an invaluable experience in the conduct of joint operations. 2. SIGINT/ESM Relationships. With the increasing emphasis being placed on EW, the relationship between SIGINT and ESM is of particular importance. This is especially true in the Marine Corps, where presently the same ground equipment and personnel are used for both SIGINT and ESM collection. The functions of search, intercept, locating, analyzing and recording are the same for both SIGINT and ESM. The key difference is in the use of the derived information. Commanders utilize SIGINT for intelligence information in the planning and execution of strategic and tactical operations, while ESM provides threat information for the conduct of EW (ECM and ECCM), avoidance, targeting, and other tactical employment of forces. 3. Meaconing, Interference, Jamming, Intrusion (MIJI). The capabilities of foreign countries to disrupt communications- electronics efforts and to use electronic deception techniques to cause hazardous situations or international incidents must be anticipated. The endangering of life and equipment or the creation of incidents embarrassing to the U. S. through foreign MIJI efforts must be minimized. MCO 03430.3 established procedures for reporting and evaluating incidents of MIJI. The importance for the reporting of all MIJI incidents requires command attention and vigilance at all levels. All users of communications-electronics equipment must realize that MIJI reporting is applicable during peacetime as well as in wartime situations. a. Commanders will develop and maintain an active MIJI program. The program will incorporate the guidance contained in MCO 03430.3 and emphasize the requirement for MIJI reporting. b. Plans and orders will contain specific procedures for the reporting of MIJI incidents. 4. Emission Control (EMCON). EMCON embodies control of all electromagnetic emitters. The principal tenet of EMCON requires that only those equipments necessary to accomplish the mission are permitted to radiate. This reduces the intelligence available to the enemy and improves friendly ESM capability by reducing ambient radiations. Appendix B to OPNAVINST 3430.9B provides guidance on the preparation of EMCON plans. a. Fleet Marine Force Commanders will develop EMCON procedures. b. EMCON of varying degrees will be planned for and employed during exercises and operations. Units are encouraged to conduct training exercises whereby no emitters are allowed to radiate during designated periods, thus requiring the use of alternate means of command and control. ENCLOSURE (1) 6 MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 SECTION IV OBJECTIVE 1. The objective of the EW program within the marine Corps is to develop, field, maintain and effectively employ an optimum EW capability in support of the following concepts: a. Commanders must employ ESM to identify and locate surveillance and control elements and associated frequencies which are critical to enemy operations. These information requirements dictate the need for an operational capability to achieve timely exploitation of EW opportunities, prevent surprise, determine force employment and react to information provided by EW support measures and/or intelligence sources. b. The military commander's decision on the employment of ECM in a tactical situation will depend upon resolution of considerations such as the capability of EW, vis-a-vis other weapons, to negate the operational effectiveness of the target; the effect of ECM on other friendly operations, including intelligence collection activities; and the potential revealing of friendly intentions. Additionally, the decision to employ EW must be integrated into the overall operations order for coordinated action. c. ECCM is to be used to protect command, control, and communications-electronic systems from exploitation, degradation, and denial by the enemy. Increased reliance on electronic command, control, and communications-electronic systems dictates the protection of these systems from enemy interruption. Commanders must exercise ECCM in training and combat to attain this protection. d. In preparation for joint and combined operations Marine Corps EW policy, concept, equipment, tactics, employment procedures and training must be effective and mutually supporting. e. Intelligence support to EW is derived from human intelligence, SIGINT, photo intelligence, and other sources which contribute to the employment of EW and associated weapons systems in the tactical environment. MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 SECTION V SECURITY AND INSPECTION 1. The security precautions and restrictions listed in OPNAVINST 3430.9, the policy and guidance in OPNAVINSTS S3430.1E and S3430.4D, and the directives published by respective fleet commanders, will be strictly followed. Additionally, Force Commanders will ensure that Force EW orders include guidance on EW security. 2. EW is a rapidly changing field. Threats change as do tactics and techniques to counter the threat. Therefore, it is necessary that EW programs be responsive and change to meet the needs of the commander. To ensure compliance with current policies/doctrine it is imperative that Force Commanders continually monitor and update existing EW programs. Accordingly, Force Commanders will conduct periodic inspections of respective EW programs. Inspections should include, but not be limited to, the following areas: a. Compliance with existing EW directives. b. EW personnel readiness/shortages (as applicable). c. EW equipment maintenance, availability, and utilization (as applicable). d. Unit level of EW awareness and ECCM capability. e. EW training conducted. f. The currency of appropriate EW references. ENCLOSURE (1) 9 MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 SECTION VI SAFETY 1. Safety must be a major consideration in the employment of jamming. On-off control (e.g., Stop Buzzer) of jamming assets must be included in all operations plans and orders. Safety must not however, be used as an excuse for not conducting jamming since adequate safety considerations can be planned to allow for the use of jamming in operations and exercises. ENCLOSURE (1) 11 MCO 3430.2A 7 Nov 1978 SECTION VII REFERENCES The following directives/publications contain policy guidance, instructions, and procedures pertaining to EW. Knowledge of the existence and contents of these directives is necessary for the successful application of EW programs, both operational and training: JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF JCS Memorandum of Policy #95. JCS Memorandum of Policy on Electronic Warfare (NOTAL) DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY SECNAVINST 03430.1 series. QRC Policy for EW (U) SECNAVINST C3430.2 series. Department of the Navy Policy Concerning ECCM in Electronic Systems (U) OPNAVINST 003430.1 series. Joint Electronic Warfare Policy Promulgation of (U) OPNAVINST 003430.2 series. U. S. Navy ELINT Program (U) OPNAVINST 03430.2 series. Navy Electronic Warfare Policy (U) OPNAVINST 3430.9 series. Performing ECM in the U. S. and Canada (U) OPNAVINST 03430.16 series. Threat Emitter Evaluation Guide (U) OPNAVINST 03430.18 series. Reporting, Meaconing, Interference, Jamming, and Intrustion of Electromagnetic Systems (U) OPNAVINST 005440.72 series. Fleet Electronic Warfare Support Group (U) MCO 03430.3. Same as OPNAVINST 3430.18_. (C) DOCTRINAL PUBLICATION FMFM 2-3 (S) Signals Intelligence/electronic Warfare operations (U) WP-33 (S) Electronic Warfare (U) NWP 12-6 (S) Tactical EW Planning Guide (U) 13