The following is a list of witnesses who appeared before the Commission in open or closed sessions. Affiliations listed are as of the date of the appearance.
Richard L. Haver, Executive Director, Intelligence Community Affairs
Adm. William O. Studeman, USN, Acting Director of Central Intelligence; Deputy Director of Central Intelligence; former Director, National Security Agency
Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper, Jr., USAF, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
William P. Crowell, Deputy Director, National Security Agency
Maj. Gen. Brett Dula, USAF, Deputy Director, Central Imagery Office
Louis J. Freeh, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Toby T. Gati, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research
Keith R. Hall, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Intelligence & Security
Jeffrey K. Harris, Director, National Reconnaissance Office & Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space
Leo Hazlewood, Executive Director, Central Intelligence Agency
Nancy Bone, Director, National Photographic Interpretation Center
Dr. Annette Krygiel, Director, Central Imagery Office
Maj. Gen. John A. Leide, USA, Director, National Military Intelligence Collection Center, Defense Intelligence Agency
Vice Adm. John M. McConnell, USN, Director, National Security Agency
Hugh E. Price, Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
Joan Dempsey, Director, National Military Intelligence Production Center, Defense Intelligence Agency
Toby T. Gati, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research
Jeffrey K. Harris, Director, National Reconnaissance Office & Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space
Maj. Gen. John A. Leide, USA, Director, National Military Intelligence Collection Center, Defense Intelligence Agency
Dr. Joseph Markowitz, Director, Community Open Source Program Office, Central Intelligence Agency
Douglas J. MacEachin, Deputy Director for Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency
Dr. Christine Williams, Chair, National Intelligence Council
Graham T. Allison, Jr., Professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Robert Art, Professor, Brandeis University
Michael C. Desch, Professor, Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University
Samuel P. Huntington, Professor and Director of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University
Ernest R. May, Professor and Director of the Warren Center for Studies in American History, Harvard University
Anthony G. Oettinger, Professor, Harvard University
Richard Pipes, Professor, Harvard University
Steven P. Rosen, Professor and Associate Director of the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University
Harvey M. Sapolsky, Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Philip Zelikow, Associate Professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Tim Cullen, President, Government Programs Division,
Blue Cross & Blue Shield United of Wisconsin
Kristine M. Krause, Vice President, Wisconsin Electric Power Company
James A. Wier, Executive Vice President, Briggs & Stratton Corporation
John Yingling, Vice President and Director, Government Affairs, Firstar Corporation
Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper, Jr., USAF, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
Leo Hazlewood, Executive Director, Central Intelligence Agency
Robert M. Gates, former Director of Central Intelligence
Dr. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; former Chairman, National Intelligence Council
Dr. William J. Perry, Secretary of Defense
Lt. Gen. Brent Scowcroft, USAF (Ret.), former Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
Ronald H. Brown, Secretary of Commerce
Ambassador Robert L. Gallucci, Ambassador-at-Large
Ambassador Mickey Kantor, United States Trade Representative
Adm. William A. Owens, USN, Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
Richard M. Helms, former Director of Central Intelligence
Douglas J. MacEachin, Deputy Director for Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency
John N. McMahon, former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Judge William H. Webster, former Director of Central Intelligence; former Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
R. James Woolsey, former Director of Central Intelligence
Larry Cox, Vice President, Washington Operations, David Sarnoff Research Center
Dr. Richard O. Hundley, Senior Physical Scientist,
RAND Corporation
Anthony Lake, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
Robert D. Steele, President, Open Source Solutions Group
Minoru Sam Araki, President, Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Company, Inc., Lockheed Martin
James W. Boginis, Vice President, Management & Data Systems, Washington Special Projects Office, Lockheed Martin
John M. Deutch, Director of Central Intelligence
Ken K. Kobayashi, General Manager, Systems Applications, Hughes Space & Communications Company
Tidal W. McCoy, Vice President for Government Relations, Thiokol Corporation
Randolph Pherson, Global Visions Group
Paul J. Redmond, Jr., Associate Deputy Director for Operations/Counterintelligence, Central Intelligence Agency
Jeffrey T. Richelson, Author
Maj. Gen. William R. Usher, USAF (Ret.), Director, Washington Special Projects Office, Lockheed Martin
Michael J. Waguespack, Director, National Counterintelligence Center
David Wise, Author
David S.C. Chu, RAND Corporation
Arnold Kanter, RAND Corporation
John Y. Schrader, RAND Corporation
Maj. Gen. Bowen Ballard, USAF, Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, U.S. Air Force
Richard D. Calder, Chief, Operations and Resources Management Staff, Directorate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency
Jeremy Clark, Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Intelligence & Security
Rear Adm. Michael W. Cramer, USN, Director of Naval Intelligence
Dennis Fitzgerald, Director, Office of Systems Applications, National Reconnaissance Office
Maj. Gen. Patrick M. Hughes, USA, Director for Intelligence (J-2), The Joint Staff
Lt. Gen. Paul E. Menoher, USA, Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, U.S. Army
Lt. Gen. Kenneth Minihan, USAF, Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
Maj. Gen. David Richwine, USMC, Assistant Chief of Staff, Command, Control, Communications, Computer and Intelligence; Director of Intelligence, U.S. Marine Corps
Eugene Armstrong, Ames Damage Assessment Team, Central Intelligence Agency
Vice Adm. Dennis C. Blair, USN, Associate Director of Central Intelligence for Military Support
Dr. Richard N. Cooper, Chairman, National Intelligence Council
Jack Davis, former analyst, Central Intelligence Agency
Lloyd Feldman, Ames Damage Assessment Team, Central Intelligence Agency
Allan E. Goodman, Professor, Georgetown University
John E. McLaughlin, Vice Chairman for Estimates, National Intelligence Council
William P. Barr, Senior Vice President and General Counsel, GTE Corporation; former Attorney General
Frank C. Carlucci, Chairman, Carlyle Group; former Secretary of Defense; former Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs; former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Hank Cohen, representing the American Foreign Service Association; former Ambassador
Dr. Richard N. Haass, Director of National Security Programs and Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations; former Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs, National Security Council Staff
Adm. Bob R. Inman, USN (Ret.), former Director, National Security Agency; former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
James R. Lilley, Director of Asian Studies, American Enterprise Institute; former Ambassador to the People's Republic of China and Ambassador to the Republic of Korea
Dr. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Dean, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; former Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs; former Chairman, National Intelligence Council
John M. Deutch, Director of Central Intelligence
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