The Honorable Emmett Paige, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (ASD/C3I), had the foresight to seize upon a unique opportunity to collect one-of-a-kind C3I insights into the deployment of NATO and U.S. forces in support of NATO's first-ever out-of-area operation in Bosnia. His tasking of the Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) at the National Defense University (NDU) to unify the C3I community activities and put together a coherent lessons learned story for the coalition command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) aspects of Operation Joint Endeavor was unique in itself. As the NDU/CCRP Bosnia Study Director and Contributing Editor, I am in debt to him; the Deputy ASD (C3I), Tony Valletta; and the Directors J6, the Joint Staff, Admiral Walt Cebrowski, USN, and LTG Doug Buchholz, USA, for their continued interest and support of the study over the duration of the Implementation Force (IFOR) activities. I am also in debt to Dr. David Alberts, Director of the CCRP at NDU, for his support and the opportunity to lead a most challenging and interesting undertaking—a unique and unforgettable personal experience.
There were of course many people who have contributed to this effort and certainly more than can be mentioned here. A special thanks goes to those men and women who were there and those who supported them—in particular, those who took the time out of a demanding and intensive work environment to share their experiences and lessons with myself and members of the NDU/CCRP study team. The following organization elements and their staff provided numerous professional experiences, insights, and lessons to the study effort: Joint Staff (J2, J3, and J6), CISA, DISA, Air Mobility Command, Army War College Peacekeeping Institute, Center for Army Lessons Learned, CIA/DIA/NSA, LIWA, SOCOM, Air Force Historian, JITC, JIMC, ESC (CUBE), Army Materiel Command (BTIC), EUCOM (J2, J3, and J6), Joint Analysis Center, UCIRF/66th MI, USAREUR/5th Signal Command, USAFE, NATO, SHAPE (CISD/NACOSA), NC3A, AFSOUTH (CISD/RSSG), IFOR, CJCCC, ARRC, MND(N), MND(SW), MND(SE), C-SUPPORT, NAMSA, COMMZ (FWD), LANDCENT, IFOR/SFOR Joint Analysis Team, and the UK and French lessons learned teams to name a few. The Federally Funded Research Centers, in particular, IDA, CNA, and MITRE, provided valuable assessment insights as well. Our technical support contractor, Evidence Based Research, Inc. (EBR), and in particular, Dr. Richard Hayes, Rick Layton, James Landon, and Ms. Pascale Siegel, were active participants in conducting the study, collecting insights, assessing and presenting findings, and contributing to the preparation of this book.
A special thanks goes to the Director, the IFOR Joint Analysis Team (JAT), CAPT Peter Feist, GEN, his second in command, Wg Cdr Nigel Read, UKAFRO, and his multinational team. CAPT Feist's cooperation and willingness to collaborate with the NDU/CCRP study and share experiences and insights of mutual interest, including participation as JAT observers in country, provided an opportunity for the NDU/CCRP team members to view the operation through not only the eyes of U.S. personnel but NATO, the other framework nations (the United Kingdom and France), and members of other supporting nations as well. BG Bob Nabors, USAREUR/5th Signal Command, and his staff deserve special recognition for providing unique insights into the evolution of the communications and information systems as well as devoting critical resources to review our findings and story regarding the communications and information system lessons and experiences. USAREUR, Col Fred Stein, USA, provided helpful guidance in the communications and information systems areas as well. AFSOUTH (CISD)/IFOR CJ6, CDRE Peter Swan, RN, AFSOUTH (CSG), Col Bob Hillmer, USAF, and CJCCC, Col Scott Rodakowski, USA,
Col Jack Dempsey, USA, and LtCol Stan Howard, USAF, provided unique IFOR insights to help focus the network management and communications and information systems piece of the study. On the SHAPE side, Group CAPT Derek Ainge, RAF, provided valuable insights from a SHAPE/NATO perspective to the study team and reviewed the C4ISR piece of the story for us. The authors in their chapters of this book also recognize many of the other individual contributors.
Special thanks are also due to Ms. Lois Burke of the NDU Graphics Department for the design of the cover and Mr. James Landon, Ms. Margarita Rushing, and Ms. Lydia Candland of EBR for their untiring help in editing and pulling the book together.
Finally, a special note of appreciation to my wife, Karen, for her support and for putting up with my seemingly endless weeks of travel, hours in front of the computer, and the inconveniences and lost weekends.
| Bosnia Index | Foreword | Acknowledgments | Preface | I. Introduction | II. Bosnia—Setting the Stage | III. Command and Control Structure | IV. Intelligence Operations | V. Civil-Military Cooperation | VI. The International Police Task Force | VII. Information Activities | VIII. Tactical PSYOP Support to Task Force Eagle | IX. Counterintelligence and HUMINT | X. Information Operations in Bosnia: A Soldier's Perspective | XI. C4ISR Systems and Services | XII. NDU/CCRP Bosnia Study | XIII. Lessons Learned About Lessons Learned | XIV. Summary | End Notes | Appendix A: The Dayton Peace Agreement Summary | Appendix B: Chronology of IFOR Events | Appendix C: References | Appendix D: Acronyms | About the Contributing Editor | About the Authors