Endnotes

¹ North Atlantic Treaty (or Washington Treaty), signed April 4, 1949, Washington, D.C.

² "The Alliance's Strategic Concept," in NATO Handbook, Brussels, 1995, p. 235.

³ See Report to Congress on the Enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, U.S. Dept. of State, Feb. 24, 1997. p. 10.

⁴ See Library of Congress. CRS. NATO: Congress addresses Expansion of the Alliance, by Paul E. Gallis. Issue Brief 95076, regularly updated; and NATO Enlargement and Russia, by Steven Woehrel. CRS Report 97-477.

⁵ For a full discussion, see U.S. Library of Congress. CRS. NATO Expansion: Senate Advice and Consent, by David M. Ackerman. CRS Report 97-170. Feb. 4, 1997. Each of the protocols for the three previous expansions was somewhat different, having been tailored either to particular geographic or historical circumstances of the parties invited to join.

⁶ For a balanced account of PfP's first steps, see Jeffrey Simon, NATO Enlargement and Central Europe. Washington: INSS, National Defense University, 1996. p. 7-28.

⁷ Study on NATO Enlargement. Brussels: NATO, September 1995.

⁸ Final Communiqué, Ministerial of the NAC. Brussels: NATO. Dec. 10, 1996.

⁹ Founding Act on Mutual Relations..., Paris. NATO Press Office. May 27, 1997. See also CRS IB95076 and CRS Report 97-477, already mentioned.

¹⁰ See, for example, Daniel Vernet, "M. Chirac appelle à la tenue d'un sommet paneuropéen à Madrid," Le Monde (henceforth LM), May 28, 1997, p. 2; and Henry Kissinger, "The Dilution of NATO," Washington Post. June 8, 1997. p. C9.

¹¹ See Library of Congress. CRS. NATO: July 1997 Madrid Summit Agenda, by Stanley R. Sloan. CRS Report 97-443. June 5, 1997.

¹² Interviews with U.S. and allied officials. For Romania, see Library of Congress. CRS. Romania's New Government: Politics, Policies, and Relations with the United States, by Carl Ek. CRS Report 97-451. April 10, 1997; and Slovenia: Basic Facts, by Julie Kim and Jeri Hawthorne. CRS report 97-554. May 20, 1997.

¹³ Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of Greece and Turkey. London, Oct. 22, 1951; Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Federal Republic of Germany. Paris, oct. 23, 1954. For Germany's legal standing after World War II, see Legal Issues relating to the Future Status of Germany, prepared by CRS for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in preparation for hearings on German unification. Washington: June, 1990.

¹⁴ See, for example, the debate over cost burdensharing in an amendment to the European Security Act of 1997, Congressional Record, June 11, 1997. p. 3711, 3715-3717.

¹⁵ Interviews.

¹⁶ Interviews.

¹⁷ Library of Congress. CRS. European Monetary Union and the Euro: How will the United States be Affected?, by Arlene Wilson. CRS Report 97-445. April 11, 1997; and NATO and Bosnia: A Looming Transatlantic Debate, by Stanley R. Sloan. CRS Report 97-480. April 22, 1997.

¹⁸ An excellent brief study also exists. See Sean Kay and Hans Binnendijk, After the Madrid Summit: Parliamentary Ratification of NATO Enlargement, INSS, NDU. March 1997.

¹⁹ "NATO enlargement: Interview by the Foreign Secretary," CNN [Internet], May 19, 1997.

²⁰ "Denmark: Defense Minister to defend Baltic conditions at NATO summit." FBIS-WEU-97-162. June 11, 1997.

²¹ Resolution on NATO Enlargement, Parliament of Denmark. Feb 6, 1997. Unofficial translation.

²² "Paris souhaite que la République tchèque...," LM. April 4, 1947. p. 4.

²³ Library of Congress. CRS. France: Current Foreign Policy Issues and Relations with the Untied States, by Paul E. Gallis. Report 96-794, Sept. 26, 1996. p.7-10.

²⁴ "M. Jospin se place dans la perspective d'une cohabitation non-conflictuelle," LM, May 20, 1997, p. 5.

²⁵ "M. Jospin critique la réintégration de la France dans l'OTAN," LM, Feb. 5, 1997, p. 5.

²⁶ Jacques Chirac, "Pour un modèle européen," Libération. March 25, 1996. p. 1.

²⁷ Ibid.

²⁸ See Gallis, France: Current Foreign Policy Issues..., CRS Report 96-794. p. 7-9.

²⁹ Richard Holbrooke is a particular target of such criticism. Many European officials expressed anger when, after the EU's inability to resolve a territorial dispute between Greece and Turkey in early 1996, Holbrooke said: "...the Europeans were literally sleeping through the night. You have to wonder why Europe does not seem capable of taking decisive action in its own theater." Washington Post, Feb. 8, 1996. p. A17. In contrast, it has been the official view of U.S. administrations for over four decades that greater European integration through the European Community, and now the EU, brings stability to the continent and is in the U.S. interest.

³⁰ "French Public less eager than in '96 to welcome new members to NATO," USIA Opinion Analysis. Washington: USIA. April 1, 1997.

³¹ "Germany's Rühe says NATO Expansion to continue in future," FBIS-WEU-97-169, June 18, 1997.

³² "German Public Endorsement of NATO Enlargement Declines Sharply," USIA Opinion Analysis, April 9, 1997.

³³ "FDP fears NATO expansion too expensive for FRG," FBIS-WEU-97-125. May 5, 1997.

³⁴ "Improved cooperation noted in Prime Minister Simitis' visit to Romania." Press release from the Embassy of Greece, Washington. March 22, 1997; and "Athens reiterates support for Bulgaria's NATO accession," Athens News. April 15, 1997.

³⁵ Speech by Foreign Minister Ásgrímsson at the North Atlantic Assembly, Reykjavik, May 5, 1997.

³⁶ See Library of Congress. CRS. Italy: Uncertain Transition for a U.S. Ally, by Paul E. Gallis. CRS Report 93-746. Aug. 18, 1993; Mario Caciagli and David I. Kertzer, eds., Italian Politics: the Stalled Transition, Boulder, Colo.: 1996, and review of the same by Gallis, in Mediterranean Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 1, Winter 1997, p. 148-151.

³⁷ Foreign Minister Lamberto Dini, "America and Europe, A Time for Unity, A Time for Vision," speech at CSIS in Washington. Feb. 21, 1997.

³⁸ See James Kitfield, "Danger Zone," National Journal, May 10, 1997. p. 923-925; "Italy urges balanced expansion," Reuters. Feb. 26, 1997.

³⁹ Mino Fuccillo, "Per Prodi un sospiro di sollievo," La Repubblica, May 12, 1997.

⁴⁰ "Minister Kosmo: Romania, Baltic states not ready for NATO entry," FBIS-WEU-97-026. Feb. 6, 1997.

⁴¹ Ibid.

⁴² "Turkish Defense Minister Comments on NATO Expansion," FBIS-WEU-97-117. June 18, 1997.

⁴³ Ackerman, op. cit.; and Kay and Binnendijk, op. cit.

⁴⁴ See "NATO Enlargement," Research Paper 97/51, by Tom Dodd. House of Commons Library. May 8, 1997.

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