Chapter V B, Sections 1, 2

Table V–3. Army Centers of Excellence
Research Areas/ Participating Universities	Scope	Future Plans
Army Funded
Scientific Foundations of Image Analysis Washington University	Mathematical and algorithmic foundations of image science Fundamental performance limits on ATR systems Detection and recognition bounds	Hibert Schmidt orientation bound Orientation bounds for fused data
Science, Engineering, and Mathematics (SEM) Education* Contra Costa College	Coordinated program to increase number of underrepresented graduates in SEM Prescribed, sequential coursework Mentoring and study groups Internships and summer programs Includes tuition and stipend Outreach programs	Enroll 250 students over a 5–year period in science/mathematic programs Provide solid foundation in science and mathematics Facilitate transfer to institutions awarding higher degrees Encourage careers in SEM
Advanced Batteries and Fuel Cells* Illinois Institute of Technology Consortium	Electrochemistry Advanced material synthesis Manufacturing capability	Lithium/metal oxide batteries Nickel hydride batteries Direct oxidation methanol fuel cells
Automotive University of Michigan	Advanced ground vehicle simulation Vehicle dynamics and structures Advanced propulsion systems Human–hardware interface	Vehicle system optimization Military vehicle technology assessments Cost/performance tradeoff methodology
Microelectronics University of Maryland, College Park	Nanoelectronics and optoelectronics CB detection Wide–bandgap electronics Integrated terahertz devices	Uncooled infrared (IR) sensors Optical interconnects Individual biodetectors High–speed signal processing
Johns Hopkins University	Piezoelectronics and electrochemistry Manufacturing science Microelectromechanics (MEM) High–resolution display technology	Microsensors New battery concepts New fuel cell concepts
University of Virginia	Integrated terahertz devices Quasi–optical electronics	High–speed signal processing Millimeter–wave (MMW) electronics
Howard University	Wide–bandgap electronics	High–temperature/high–power electronics Electromagnetic environment (EME) protection devices
Materials Johns Hopkins University	Advanced materials characterization Nondestructive materials evaluation Functional metal matrix composites Hydrogen interaction with materials	Joining of advanced materials Nonintrusive process monitoring Nanomaterials characterization
University of Delaware	Integrated composite armor materials Fiber resin interphase control Composite joining/adhesive bonding	High strain rate behavior and impact damage mitigation in composites Smart composite materials processing
Michigan Molecular Institute	Dendritic polymer materials Synthetic nanoscopic materials Synthesis, characterization, and assessment	Dendritic polymer scale up and engineering properties database Fiber coatings Conducting polymers Nanocomposites
High Performance Computing Research University of Minnesota	Efficient algorithms Large–scale scientific computing Efficient utilization of high–performance architectures	Parallel algorithms for novel architectures Large–scale scientific computing High–performance computing Adaptive gridding Mesh moving Multidisciplinary modeling Computational environment development
Rotorcraft Georgia Institute of Technology	Efficient low–noise rotors Affordability Low–vibration dynamic systems Smart and composite structures Day/night adverse weather capability Integrated flight controls	Near–wake definition, aeroacoustics Slotted and circulation control rotors Aeroelastic and stability analysis; carefree flight control Finite element analysis of composite rotors Strength and life of damaged composites Wake–lifting surface interaction; dynamic inflow Robust and adaptive flight controls
University of Maryland	Low–vibration dynamic systems Smart and composite structures Day/night adverse weather Highly reliable, safe operations	Elastomeric dampers and bearings Vibration reduction and stability augmentation Concurrent design of composite rotors Low–noise fuselage panels for cabins Wireless rotor control, sensing and anti–icing
Pennsylvania State University	Efficient low–noise rotors Low–vibration dynamic systems Advanced drive trains Smart and composite structures Highly reliable, safe operations	Active control of noise, aeroacoustics Active/passive control of damping Vibration and loads; computational fluid dynamics Repair composite structures; active control systems Reconfigurable flight control systems
Information Sciences Clark Atlanta*	Distributed databases Probabilistic modeling Multimedia software Software reusability Computer optimization	Heterogeneous databases Models for software Interactive data analysis
Hypervelocity Physics and Electrodynamics Research Institute for Advanced Technology, University of Texas at Austin	Fundamental understanding of hypervelocity (HV) launch, flight, impact and lethality Rail/armature and launch effect electrodynamics Fundamentals of pulse power for electric armaments Supporting educational and assessment activities	Validate superior performance of HV projectiles Armatures and rail materials for robust, efficient launchers Support to pulsed alternator development, alternative pulse power approaches
DoD Funded
Advanced Distributed Simulation Grambling State University Consortium*	Parallel and distributed computing Heterogeneous multimedia database Interactive graphics and visualization	Advanced distributed simulation Student training and education program Enhance research infrastructure Man–machine interface
Intelligent Resin Transfer Molding for Integral Armor Applications Tuskegee University* Consortium	Intelligent resin transfer molding for integral armor applications Resin transfer molding (RTM) process/manufacturing, sensing and control New developments process modeling/ phenolic resins Bonding, repair, and ballistic performance	Smart weave and sensors in RTM Virtual manufacturing of RTM process Materials and process issues for integral armor Performance modeling, simulations, and testing
Science, Engineering and Mathematics (SEM) Education Morehouse College*	Unifies multiple departments to enhance programs and increase underrepresented graduates in SEM Summer study, field trips Mentoring/research programs Scholarship and outreach programs	Enhance quality of science and mathematics instruction in secondary schools Increase majors in SEM Increase number of graduate students in SEM Encourage careers in SEM
*Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Minority Institutions Centers

The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) continues to support a portfolio of programs characterized as URI. All DoD services share the funds for this portfolio, nominating and investing in subject areas and activities best correlated with their research and technology needs.

A series of 5–year block grant URI programs, most funded at about $400,000 per year, concluded in FY96. Over 30 university groups performed research for the Army on topics in biology, advanced propulsion, materials, high–frequency microelectronics, electro–optics, nanotechnology, energy, manufacturing science, environmental sciences, and intelligent control systems.

Table V–4. Army Multidisciplined University Research Initiative Centers
Research Areas/ Participating Universities	Scope	Future Plans
Terminating in FY1999
Micro Gas Turbine Generators Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Develop high power, high energy density power sources Develop high aspect ratio fabrication of silicon carbide (SiC) Very small, high speed electrostatic generators Very high speed bearing systems	Very compact turbo compressors Compact recuperator systems Microcombustors for hydrocarbons
Smart Composite Structures Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Develop advanced technologies for the control of electromechanical systems Investigate solid–state actuator and sensor technologies and structural control for critical rotorcraft applications	Active materials technology Active composites mechanics and manufacture Distributed control technology Applications testbed program
Mesoscale Patterning For Smart Material Systems Princeton University with Harvard University and Drexel University	Mesoscale (1 nanometer (nm)–1 millimeter (mm)) patterning Laser stereolithography Self–assembled monolayers and templates	Microcontact printing of ferroelectric ceramics 3D coassembly of composites Mechanical characterization of patterned structures
High–Performance Fuel Cells University of Minnesota	Improved anode electrocatalysts for direct oxidation of methanol Improved membranes with low methanol permeability Develop a model for small fuel cells	Develop lower cost materials with sufficient lifetimes for military applications Develop methodology to functionally tether homogeneous catalysts to electrode structures Develop catalysts for direct oxidation of alkanes
Innovative Mesoscale Actuator Devices for Use in Rotorcraft Systems University of California, Los Angeles	Integration of ferroelectric actuator and silicon (Si)–based microelectromechanical system (MEMS) processing technologies Model and understand ferroelectric actuator behavior Investigate active control of dynamic stall and vibration reduction in rotorcrafts	Determine mechanical/tribological properties of MEMS structures Investigate high field, pulse mode operation of batteries Simulation of unsteady aeroelastic behavior of rotorblades
MEMS–Based Smart Gas Turbine Engines Case Western University	MEMS sensor/actuator arrays SiC–based MEMS structures Feedback control	Pressure, heat flux and ice detection sensors Flow control microvalves Computer–aided design (CAD)–based design High temperature sensors/actuators Distributed control
Thermophotovoltaic Electric Generator University of Western Washington	Develop robust IR emitters Improve power density of photovoltaic cells Develop filter technology required for improved efficiency	Develop high flux tailored spectrum emitters Improve long wavelength response of gallium antimonide (GaSb) photocells Improve burner technology for logistics
Terminating in FY2000
Functionally Tailored Fibers and Fabrics Research North Carolina State University with Akron University and Drexel University	Functionally tailored textiles and fabrics Advanced fibers and polymers Multifunctional and smart materials Textile and textile–based composite manufacturing	Electrospinning of high performance fibers Clothing for comfort and battlefield threat protection Smart materials for camouflage, signature suppression, and soldier recognition Flexible and rigid armor composite materials design
Algorithmics of Motion University of Pennsylvania and Stanford University	Motion acquisition using computer vision Motion generation with planning algorithms Motion execution using control techniques	Automatic target recognition Reconnaissance and surveillance Navigation and mission planning Demining and data acquisition
Applicable and Robust Geometrical Computing Brown University, Johns Hopkins University, and Duke University	Geometric computing Development of robust algorithms Input/output (I/O) memory management	Terrain modeling CAD/computer–aided modeling (CAM) Geometric libraries and visualization software
Low Power, Low Noise Electronics University of Michigan with University of Colorado, Boulder University of California, Los Angeles with University of California, San Diego	Communications radio frequency (RF) components Radar RF components	Comprehensive low power design Power amplifier circuit interfaced with modulation/signal processing algorithms High functionality/low power devices High functionality/efficient antennas
Intelligent Turbine Engines Georgia Institute of Technology	Active control of gas turbines Sensors/actuators Control architecture	Combustor/compressor control MEMS sensors/actuators Dynamic engine models Nonlinear controllers
Terminating in FY2001
Active Control of Rotorcraft Vibration University of Maryland	Exterior (rotor) noise and vibration control Interior noise control Transmission noise and vibration control	Mach–scaled rotor tests Comprehensive acoustic and vibration analysis techniques Innovative noise and vibration control concepts
Damage Tolerant Lightweight Armor Materials Purdue University University of Dayton Research Institute University of California, San Diego	Novel materials and structures design concepts Processing, fabrication, and testing of materials Advanced analytical methods	Layered, oriented, and gradient materials systems Dynamic viscoplasticity models for anisotropic materials Solution of inverse problems
Low Energy Electronics for Mobile Platforms University of Michigan	Top–down design methodology Optimization of all systems design levels Software implementation	Minimum energy information exchange Integrated platform system design Adaptive and minimum energy processing High performance devices and components
Photonic Band Engineering University of California, Los Angeles	Improved microwave/MMW devices Efficient microlasers and smart pixels Low observables and identification friend or foe (IFF)	Photonic crystals for electromagnetics Demonstrate low threshold lasing Nonlinear image processing
Integrated Approach to Intelligent Systems University of California, Berkeley	Design of hierarchical control architectures for multiagent systems Perceptual systems Framework for representing and reasoning with uncertainty Soft computing approaches to intelligence augmentation	Intelligence augmentation for human centered systems Fully autonomous systems Battle management
Demining Duke University University of Missouri, Rolla Northeastern University	Mine, ordnance, and explosive detection, identification, and location Sensor and information fusion Neutralization	Mine detection and location under realistic weather and environmental conditions Enhancement of detection probability Minimization of false alarm rate
Rapid, Affordable Generation of Terrain and Detailed Urban Feature Data Purdue University	Advanced photogrammetric and image understanding research Image understanding research for terrain analysis	Mathematical modeling for multisensor registration Automated extraction of remote sensing cues Automated feature recognition Unsupervised classification for hyperspectral imagery
Predictive Capabilities Based on Performance Metrics for Automatic Target Recognition for Military Applications Brown University	Quantitative understanding of ATR capabilities and limitations Metrics for structured clutter Metrics for scene complexity	Analytical frameworks for classifying images Algorithm–independent bounds on ATR performance Metrics to predict and measure the performance of ATR implementation
Biomimetics and Biomimetic Processing University of California, Santa Barbara	Biomimetic processing Mineralization in organic substrates Control of hierarchical structures	New EO devices Chemical detectors Structural materials New multifunctional and smart materials
Terminating in FY2002
Clustered Engineered Materials Northwestern University	Laser ablation/molecular beam cluster growth Nanosphere liftoff nanopatterning Self–assembled nanoclusters	Biological agent detection Photocatalysis for decontamination Efficient frequency conversion
Quasi–Optic Power Combining Clemson University California Institute of Technology	Spatial and quasi–optical power combining Hybrid power combining Array phase control Device/electromagnetic (EM) field interaction	Economical sources and arrays of MMW power Reduced size, weight, phase noise Enhanced reliability, durability Enhanced array functionality beam steering, modulation/demodulation, nonlinear function Reciprocal arrays, transmit and receive through common aperture
Design and Control of Smart Structures Harvard University with Boston University and the University of Maryland	Modeling and experiments with MEMS for flow control over airfoils Mathematical framework for modeling and controlling fluid motion Parallel array microvalves for flow control	Ferrofluidic micropumps for drug delivery MEM devices for flat panel displays Controlled deformable mirrors and antennas
Dendritic Polymers University of Illinois	Property discovery using combinatorial libraries Computational modeling to guide synthesis and properties Surface engineering and adhesion studies Synthesis and scale–up of polymeric materials	Responsive protective coatings and sensor coatings Catalysts for chemical agent destruction Volatile organic compound (VOC) free coatings Super–tough, processable elastomers Lubricants for solids and liquids
Terminating in FY2003
Defect Engineered Nanostructures Princeton University	Investigate fundamental issues Microscopically characterize structures Elucidate influence of defects on performance	Integration and mass production of quantum–based devices Reduce size and power consumption
Olfactory Sensing California Institute of Technology with Harvard University and Yale University	Characterize molecular events Model olfactory physiology Molecular recognition	Insight regarding olfactory processes Enable biomimetic approach Design and produce engineering systems
Adaptive Optoelectronic Eye University of Southern California University of Michigan	Manmade sensors that adapt and interact similar to animal vision Smart and adaptive emulation of biological eye Determine functionality of biological vision	Merge microelectronics, microoptic, and micromechanical devices Scheme for detecting, processing, and transmitting near–perfect optical images
Microthermal Engines Massachusetts Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology	Understand and produce millimeter–sized devices to re–engineer traditional heat engines at mesoscale level Investigate new refractory ceramic micromachining Develop new bonding and micromolding	Power generation or cooling Replace batteries for individual soldier
Digital Communication Devices Based on Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos University of California, San Diego	Generate digital signals by an integral nonlinear element, not a circuit or an integrated circuit (IC) Investigate simple microelectronic devices for control	Implement mobile wireless communication Secure digital transmissions with small, lightweight, low–power equipment

Table V–2. An Example of the Composition of an Executive Advisory Board and Technical Advisory Council for a Center of Excellence (here, the Center for Intelligent Resin Transfer Molding for Integral Armor Applications)
Executive Advisory Board	Technical Advisory Council
Chairperson, Director, ARL Materials Directorate ARO, Director, Materials Science Division National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley, Director, Vehicle Structures Directorate MICOM, Technical Director Tank–Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM), Technical Director Soldier Systems Command, Chief of Staff	Chairperson, ARO, Materials Science Division ARL, ST, Materials Directorate ARL, Scientist, Weapons Technology Directorate University of Delaware, Scientist, Composites Manufacturing Science Laboratory Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center (ERDEC), Scientist Tank–Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC), Chief, Manufacturing Technology Branch McDonnell Douglas Missile Systems, Senior Group Manager—Composites Lockheed Martin, Manager, Advanced Programs United Defense Ground Systems, Manager Composite Structures

1998 Army Science and Technology Master Plan