CHAPTER 5: The OPFOR in the Offense

5-10 NBC.

    a. Chemical.

        (1) Available Agents.

• Nerve - GB, GD and V
• Blood - AC
• Blister - HO, HN, L, HL and CX
• Incapacitant
• Irritant - DA, DM, CM, CS and PS.

        (2) Delivery Means.

• All tube artillery systems 122mm and larger
• Most mortars
• All MRL systems
• FROG, SCUD and SS-21 SSM
• Antipersonnel landmines
• Aircraft (bombs and spray)

        (3) Employment.

• Offense Likely targets:

• Troops in defensive positions astride attack axes
• NBC delivery systems
• Troop concentrations
• CPs
• Bypassed pockets of resistance

• Non-persistent agents would be used on planned attack axes.
• Persistent agents would be used deep and on the flanks.

    b. Nuclear

        (1) Delivery means.

• All tube artillery systems 152mm and larger.
• 240mm mortar.
• FROG, SCUD and SS-21.
• Various aircraft.

        (2) Likely targets:

• NBC delivery means.
• CPs of divisions and higher formations.
• Prepared defensive positions.
• Reserve and troop concentrations.
• Supply installations.
• Communication centers.
• Key air defense sites.

    c. Flame.

        (1) A flamethrower battalion is normally assigned to each army. Little is known about its internal structure or how much equipment it has.

        (2) Equipment Capabilities.

• LPO-50: Light infantry flamethrower.

• Man-portable.
• Range: 50-70 m.

• TPO-50M: Heavy infantry flamethrower.

• Mounted on two-wheel cart.
• Range: 180 m.

• RPO: Shoulder fired flamethrower.

• Fires rocket propelled round containing 4 liters of napalm.
• Range: 180-200 m.

• RPO-A: Shoulder fired flamethrower.

• Fires a 2 liter round out to 400 m.

• TO-55: Flamethrower tank.

• Variant of T-55.
• Flamethrower nozzle is mounted beside the main gun and does not interfere with its use.
• Fuel Capacity: 460 liters.
• Range: 200 m.

    d. Smoke.

        (1) Equipment Capabilities.

• TDA-M: Smoke Generator.
• GAZ-66 truck variant.

• Contains sufficient fog oil for four hours of continuous operations.
• Under favorable conditions, one vehicle can create a smoke screen 800-1000 m long and 100 m wide.

• VEESS - Vehicle Engine Exhaust Smoke System
• Various smoke pots, drums, barrels and grenades.
• Artillery smoke rounds

• Fired by D-30, 2S1, M-46, 2S3, D-20 and all but the 160mm and 240mm mortars.

    e. Types of smoke screens.

        (1) Blinding.

• Positioned on BLUFOR weapon systems and observers.
• Delivered by artillery and mortars.

        (2) Camouflage.

• Positioned on or directly in front of friendly troops.
• Delivered by smoke generating vehicle, VEESS, smoke pot, grenade, drum and barrel.

        (3) Protective.

• Intended to protect electro-optical devices from the effects of laser radiation or to shield personnel and equipment from the effects of the flash and thermal radiation of a nuclear detonation.
• Positioned in front of, around or above friendly forces.

        (4) Decoy.

• Intended to deceive the BLUFOR as to the actual location and activity of friendly forces.
• Positioning depends on the situation.

        (5) Signaling.

• Used to mark BLUFOR positions or, occasionally, friendly avenues of approach.