Laser Guided Bombs
Summary of Mil-Handbook-828
This appendix provides safety information for currently fielded laser fire control systems.
Information in this section was obtained from documents referenced in Chapter 2 and from informal documents provided by each of the Service's safety specialists in Chapter 1.
Fire control laser systems are laser rangefinders (LRFs) and laser designators (LDs). These laser systems can be far more harmful to the eye than laser training devices such as the MILES and Air to Ground Engagement System/Air Defense (AGES/AD) laser simulators. Consequently, fire control lasers require control measures to prevent permanent blindness to an unprotected individual viewing the laser system from within the laser beam. A sample list of control measures for operators of fire control lasers is provided in Appendix H.
Tables A-I and A-II on the following pages summarize current laser safety information pertaining to the most common fire control laser systems likely to be encountered. The Nominal Ocular Hazard Distances for unaided viewing (NOHD) and while viewing the beam through an optical instrument such as a pair of binoculars (NOHD-O) are listed in Table A-I. The importance of NOHD is often over-valued since the laser beam is normally required to be terminated in a controlled area and the distance to the backstop defines the absolute hazard distance.
The ruby LRFs on the tanks are the most hazardous lasers to the eye at close range. These lasers not only pose a hazard while viewing the laser from within the direct beam, but also from viewing the diffusely reflected laser radiation. The distance "t" is the distance from the laser within the laser beam path in which there is both a skin hazard and diffuse reflection hazard. Distance "t" represents the range to be cleared in front of the tank.
The distance "s" was established to prevent specular or collimated reflections from flat glass and other flat and smooth surfaces. These reflections might leave the controlled range area. This is the radial distance away from targets out to which flat specular reflectors must be cleared. For fixed wing aircraft, the entire buffered laser footprint must be cleared of specular reflectors. A specular reflector is one that is so smooth that one can observe one's image by it. A curved specular reflector does not create a significant risk to individuals at typical training distances from a target.
Each buffer zone in Table A-I gives the minimum angular size of backstop behind the target which is used to terminate the beam. By ensuring that adequate backstop is present, laser energy is prevented from leaving the controlled area. Thus, if a moving target approaches the skyline within the buffer zone, laser operation should cease unless adequate airspace is controlled.
Table A-II summarizes the eye protection optical density requirements for worse-case exposure at the laser output (unaided) or when collected with an optical instrument (total). The stated optical densities must be at the laser wavelength, otherwise they may offer very little protection. At longer distances away from the laser, the beam begins to spread out and become less harmful. Thus, less optical density would be required at a distance away from the laser.
AH-1W Night Targeting System (NTS): This is a modification to the Marine Corps AH-1 Telescopic Sight Unit to include night targeting capability through the direct view optics using a FLIR and Laser Target Designator/Rangefinder system with camera and video tracker.
AIM-1: A class 3b infra-red diode aiming laser (830 - 850 nm wavelength) for use with night vision goggles. The AIM/MLR is mounted on Marine Corps XM-218, 50 caliber, M-60 and GAU-17B machine gun mounts. The AIM/EXL version is hard mounted on the AH-1 turret. AIM-1/D, AIM-1/DLR, AIM-1/MLR, AIM-1/EXL devices are integrated into the army AH-1F helicopter or used separately or mounted on army rifles. ANVIS night vision goggles provide adequate protection against these lasers. CAT'S EYES do not protect against laser radiation. R Air to Ground Engagement System/Air Defense (AGES/AD) is an extension of MILES to air defense simulation.
AN/AAQ-22 Navigational Thermal Imaging System (NTIS): Turret mounted FLIR/Laser Rangefinder on the UH-1N helicopter.
AN/AAS-33A, Target Recognition Attack Multisensor (TRAM) laser system. This system is mounted on the A6-E Aircraft and has a laser target designator and forward looking infrared (FLIR).
AN/AAS-37, Laser Range Finder Designator mounted on the Marine Corps OV-10 Observation Aircraft.
AN/AAS-38A NITE HAWK. Pod mounted on lower left side of F/A-18 aircraft contains a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) and laser target designator/rangefinder (LTDR) A AN/GAQ-T1 LDSS: Laser Designator Simulator System.
AN/GVS-5 Laser Range Finder Infrared Observation Set (Handheld).
AN/PAQ-1 (LTD) Laser Target Designator. This is a lightweight, handheld, battery operated laser device. Forward observers use it to designate targets.
AN/PAQ-3 (MULE) Modular Universal Laser Equipment. This is a Marine Corps laser designator used with laser energy homing munitions. The MULE is man portable and is used only in a dismounted mode.
AN/PAQ-4, AN/PAQ-4A, pulsed AN/PAQ-4B and AN/PAQ-4C Infrared Aiming Light. These are class 1 military exempt laser systems using an 830 nm wavelength laser diode. A AN/PEQ-1 SOFLAM: Special Operating Forces Laser Marker.
AN/PVS-6 MELIOS. Mini-Eyesafe Laser Infrared Observation Set was developed for infantry forward observers to measure distance. It is a class 3a restricted eye safe laser.
AN/TVQ-2 (G/VLLD) Ground/Vehicle Laser Locator Designator. This is a principal ranging and laser designating device used by Army artillery forward observers with laser energy homing munitions. It is capable of designating stationary or moving vehicular targets and may be used in a stationary, vehicle mounted, or tripod supported dismounted mode. The primary vehicle mount is the Fire Support Team Vehicle (FISTV).
AN/VVG-1 Laser Range Finder mounted on the M55lAl Sheridan Vehicles.
AN/VVG-2 Laser Range Finder mounted on the M60A3 tank. Used with two filters, the green Eye Safe Simulated Laser Range Finder (ESSLR) filter and the red ESSLR filter. The green ESSLR is eye safe, the red ESSLR is less hazardous than the system without filters (see Appendix C).
AN/VVG-3 M1 tank laser rangefinder used with one eyesafe filter.
AN/VVS-1 Laser Range Finder mounted on the M60A2 tank.
AVENGER: Avenger air defense system, turret mounted laser range finder on a HMMWV. A
COMPACT LASER DESIGNATOR (CLD): A small, lightweight laser designator and/or rangefinder used by the Navy for target designation.
GCP-1 and ACP-2: Ground and Air Commanders Pointers. Small, lightweight Infrared aiming laser for use with night vision devices in target identification and night illumination. Operates at a power of 30 milliwatts with zoomable beam from 30 degrees to 0.03 degrees (approximately 500 to 0.5 milliradians). Built-in sensor prevents operation in daylight; however it does not reduce power well enough in dark conditions to prevent hazardous illumination of unprotected personnel within the Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD). GCP-1A and ACP-2A operate at 50 milliwatts and do not incorporate the sensor. The finger mounted ACP-2 and ACP-2A are not authorized for Navy and Marine Corps use. A
LANTIRN System, Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared System for Night. A two pod system containing a terrain following radar (TFR), forward looking infrared (FLIR), laser designation, and later, a target recognition system. This system is designed to be flown on the F-15E and F-16. The laser operates at 1064 nm and may have a training modification to operate at 1540 nm which will be eye safe.
Laser Augmented Airborne TOW (LAAT) mounted in the AH-1F COBRA Helicopter. The LAAT system consists of a laser range finder and receiver that is incorporated into the M65 tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided (TOW) telescopic sight unit.
LAV-105: Light Armored Vehicle-105 mm gun laser range finder.
LAV-AD: Light Armored Vehicle - Air Defense turret mounted CO2 laser rangefinder.
LPL-30: A class 3b infra-red diode aiming laser used by command to mark targets of choice to attacking forces equipped with the Night Vision Goggles (NVGs). ANVIS NVGs also provide adequate protection against these lasers.
M55, Laser Tank Gunnery Trainer.
Mast Mounted Sight on the OH-58D that, in addition to thermal and optical sensors and imaging instrumentation, incorporates a laser rangefinder and/or designator.
MINI LASER RANGEFINDER (MLRF): A lightweight, handheld Neodymium YAG laser rangefinder. The RCA MLRF listed in table A-1 is given the designation of AN/PVS-X to distinguish it from future MLRF's, which should not have off-axis radiation that would cause it to have such large buffer zone requirements as the AN/PVS-X.
Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES). The MILES system uses low risk lasers and does not require service members to wear protective eyewear during the conduct of training with the MILES system.
NITE EAGLE: FLIR/Laser Designator/Rangefinder turret adapted from the Aquilla system for the U.S. Marine Corps UH-1N helicopters. In training and field testing, prohibit laser firing when the laser in flight is less than 1000 meters from the target. This is required to prevent loss of track and possibility of beam wander off the target during slew and reorienation of the laser as the system passes over the target.
NITE EYE: Illuminator for IR camera. Produced by Air Force Phillips Laboratory. Approved only for use with output power below 30 milliwatts.
PAVE PENNY (AN/AAS-35): Laser tracker pod used on the A-10 and A-7 aircraft. Does not contain a laser.
PAVE SPECTRE (AN/AVQ-19): Laser tracking and designator used on C-130 gunships.
PAVE SPIKE (AN/AVQ-12): Laser tracking and designator pod fitted on F-4 and F-111 aircraft.
PAVE TACK (AN/AVQ-26): Advanced optronics pod containing stabilized turret with FLIR, laser designator and tracker used on the F-4, RF-4, and F-111F aircraft.
SHILLELAGH Conduct of Fire Trainer (SCOFT). Target Acquisition and Designation System with Pilot Night Vision Sight (TADS/PNVS) mounted in the Apache Advanced Attack Helicopter.
TD-100: A day/night aiming laser. For daytime use this device uses a class 2 helium neon visible laser and for night time it uses a class 3b infra-red laser diode. Night vision goggles will provide adequate night time protection for any one viewing the infrared laser.
The following systems are not in the active inventory but are included for background:
This was a laser tracker pod developed for use in conjunction with the PAVE SPOT laser designator used on O-2A FAC spotter planes, C-123, and was planned for use on the F-100. It was eventually merged with the PAVE SWORD program.
The PAVE BLIND BAT consisted of a laser target designator to illuminate targets for the PAVE WAY guided bombs. It had an effective range of 18,000 ft and was developed in part for use by AC-130 gunships to aid supporting fighter aircraft.
Development of laser scanner in 1969-70 to aid F-4 Phantoms in securing proper target bearing.
Development of a laser range finder for use on the B-52G.
The original laser designator pod developed by Aeronutronic-Ford and use in combat in Vietnam 1971-73.
Developmental effort to replace the PAVE KNIFE by improving night capability with the addition of a forward looking infrared (FLIR) in place of the low light television (LLTV). Superseded by PAVE TACK.
Stabilized laser designator developed for the F-4 Phantom.
Development of laser seeker head for air to ground rockets. Project was also called LARS (Laser Aided Rocket System) and rockets were to be used in conjunction with FAC (Forward Air Controller) mounted PAVE SPOT designator.
Modification of 18 OV-10 FAC aircraft with stabilized periscopic night sight and laser designator. Program coordinated with PAVE PHANTOM and PAVE SPOT.
Addition of an ARN-92 Loran and computer to the F-4D allowing aircraft to store targeting information for eight separate positions illuminated by OV-10 PAVE NAIL.
Palletized gun direction system consisting of a laser designator and/or rangefinder and low light TV employed on a C-123 and forerunner of subsequent gunship fire control stems.
Aerodyne Research effort to develop IR and active laser seekers for use on the ASRAAM air-to-air missile.
Modification of AC-130 gunships for night attack including an LTV Electro systems night observation camera, AAD-4, or AAD-6 FLIR and AVQ-17 illuminator.
Target acquisition aids for jet fighter aircraft such as the Eagle Eye (LAD) AN/AVG-8, and TISEO.
Classified project undertaken by Aeronautical Research Associates.
Stabilized periscopic night vision sight developed by Varo for use on the O-2A FAC. The system was fitted with a Korad laser designator (ND:YAG) and first went into service in 1970 over Vietnam.
A related group of air-to-ground strike programs include PAVE TACK and IR guided bombs.
Laser tracker designed to pick up energy from targets illuminated by O-2A spotter planes. Used on F-4, and bore sighted with its radar set.
Code name for a wide variety of guided bomb projects, also refers to AN/AVQ-9 laser designator developed by Martin Marietta in the late 1960s for use on the F-4 Phantom.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
NOHD (kilometers) |
NOHD-O (kilometers) |
REFLECTOR CLEARANCE t(1) (meters) s(2) |
Buffer Zones (Buffer Angle) (Milliradians) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi- Pulse |
Single Pulse |
7X50 Binoc. |
8 cm Optics |
12 cm Optics |
Diffuse | Specular | Static | Moving | ||
| ******TANK MOUNTED****** | ||||||||||
| AN/VVG-1(M551A1) | 9 | 9 | 32 | 47 | 67 | 10 | 60 | 2 | Not Allowed | |
| AN/VVS-1(M60A2) | 9 | 9 | 32 | 36 | 44 | 10 | 100 | 5 | 10 | |
| AN/VVG-2(M60A3) | 8 | 8 | 30 | 40 | 47 | 10 | 60 | 2 | 5 | |
| red ESSLR (29dB) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.8 | - | - | 0 | Target | 2 | 5 | |
| green ESSLR(55dB) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |
| AN/VVG-3(M1Tank) | 7 | 7 | 25 | 35 | 44 | 0 | 60 | 2 | 5 | |
| ESSLR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |
| AVENGER | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | NA | |
| LAV-105 | - | 8.2 | 32 | 41 | 50 | 0 | 60 | 2 | 5 | |
| LAV-AD | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | NA | |
| ***********MANPORTABLE************ | ||||||||||
| AN/GAQ-T1 (LD82LB LDSS) | 12.5 | - | - | 43 | 52 | 0 | 200 | 5 | NA | |
| AN/GVS-5 (Handheld) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 13 | 21 | 27 | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA | |
| 19 dB red filter | 0.29 | 0.29 | 1.8 | 1.8 | - | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA | |
| 29 dB yellow filter |
0.056 | 0.056 | 0.55 | 0.55 | - | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA | |
1. t = distance from the laser in the laser beam path in which there is both a skin hazard and diffuse reflection hazard. Represents the range to be cleared in front of the tank.
2. s = distance around the target out to which specular reflectors must be cleared when laser is level or nearly level with target.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
NOHD (kilometers) |
NOHD-O (kilometers) |
REFLECTOR CLEARANCE t(1) (meters) s(2) |
Buffer Zones (Buffer Angle) (Milliradians) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi- Pulse |
Single Pulse |
7X50 Binoc. |
8 cm Optics |
12 cm Optics |
Diffuse | Specular | Static | Moving | |
| **********MAN PORTABLE********** | |||||||||
| AN/PAQ-1 (Handheld LTD) |
7 | 3.5 | 15 | 33 | - | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA |
| AN/PAQ-3MULE (Tripod) | |||||||||
| Designator-Day | 20 | 12 | 53 | 64 | 78 | 0 | 60 | 2 | NA |
| Designator-Night | 20 | 12 | 53 | 64 | 78 | 0 | 150 | 5 | NA |
| Rangefinder-Day | 12 | 12 | 37 | 47 | - | 0 | 60 | 2 | NA |
| Rangefinder-Night | 12 | 12 | 37 | 47 | - | 0 | 150 | 5 | NA |
| Rangefinder with 12dB filter | 3.3 | 3.3 | 16 | - | - | 0 | 60 | 2 | NA |
| AN/PAQ-3 MULE (Handheld) | |||||||||
| Designator-Day | 20 | 12 | 53 | 64 | 78 | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA |
| Designator-Night | 20 | 12 | 53 | 64 | 78 | 0 | 300 | 15 | NA |
| Rangefinder-Day | 12 | 12 | 37 | 47 | - | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA |
| Rangefinder-Night | 12 | 12 | 37 | 47 | - | 0 | 300 | 15 | NA |
| ------------------------------------------------- | |||||||||
| AN/PAQ-4/A/B/C IR Aiming Light |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| AN/PEQ-1 (SOFLAM) | 9.6 | - | 35 | 45 | 54 | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA |
| AN/PVS-6 (MELIOS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
| AN/PVS-X MLRF Mini-Laser Rangefinder |
- | 3 | 16 | 29 | - | 0 | 200 | 90degrees *3 |
NA |
| AN/TVQ-2 GVLLD (Tripod) | |||||||||
| Designator | 25 | 17 | 63 | 80 | 87 | 0 | 60 | 2 | NA |
| Rangefinder | 8 | 8 | 28.5 | 40 | - | 0 | 60 | 2 | NA |
| Rangefinder with 8.5dB yell.filter |
3.1 | 3.1 | 15 | 23 | - | 0 | 100 | 2 | NA |
1. t = distance from the laser in the laser beam path in which there is both a skin hazard and diffuse reflection hazard. Range to be cleared in front of the laser.
2. s = distance around the target out to which specular reflectors must be cleared when laser is level or nearly level with target.
3. 90 degree buffer zone required for RCA version AN/PVS-X with secondary beams. 10 degree buffer zone required for Brunswick version.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
NOHD (kilometers) |
NOHD-O (kilometers) |
REFLECTOR CLEARANCE t(1) (meters) s(2) |
Buffer Zones (Buffer Angle) (Milliradians) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi- Pulse |
Single Pulse |
7X50 Binoc. |
8 cm Optics |
12 cm Optics |
Diffuse | Specular | Static | Moving | |
| **********MAN PORTABLE********** | |||||||||
| CLD(Compact Laser Designator) |
9.7 | - | 38 | 48 | 58 | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA |
| LLTD | 7 | - | 15 | 38 | - | 0 | 200 | 10 | NA |
1. t = distance from the laser in the laser beam path in which there is both a skin hazard and diffuse reflection hazard. Range to be cleared in front of the laser.
2. s = distance around the target out to which specular reflectors must be cleared when laser is level or nearly level with target.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
NOHD (kilometers) |
NOHD-O (kilometers) |
REFLECTOR CLEARANCE t(1) (meters) s(2) |
Buffer Zones (Buffer Angle) (Milliradians) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi- Pulse |
Single Pulse |
7X50 Binoc. |
8 cm Optics |
12 cm Optics |
Diffuse | Specular | Static | Moving | |
| **************AIRCRAFT MOUNTED LASERS************* | |||||||||
| AH-1W Night Targeting System (NTS) |
15 | 9.2 | 48 | 59 | 69 | 0 | 100 | 5 | 5A |
| AN/AAS-33A (A-6E TRAM) |
14.6 | 9 | - | 58 | 67 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 5 |
| AN/AAS-37 (OV-10D NOS) |
11.2 | 7.1 | 45 | 56 | 59 | 35 | N/A | N/A | 5 |
| AN/AAS-38A (F/A-18) |
17 | 10 | 50 | 63 | 73 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 5 |
| AN/ASQ-153 (F-4E PAVE SPIKE) |
10 | 6.8 | - | 48 | 58 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 5 |
| AN/AVQ-25 (F-111F PAVE TACK) |
16 | 8.8 | - | 52 | 70 | 0 | N/A | N/A | 5 |
| F-117 | 18.5 | 9.5 | 130 | - | - | 0 | N/A | N/A | TBD |
| LAAT (AH1F) | 5 | 3.4 | 15 | 30 | 36 | 0 | 100 | 5 | 5 |
| LANTIRN | |||||||||
| (Combat mode) | 22.7 | 11.6 | 157 | - | - | 0 | N/A | N/A | 53 |
| (Training mode) | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| (Secondary Beam) Maintain 150 ft separation from other aircraft. | |||||||||
| --------------------------------- | |||||||||
| MMS (OH-58D) | 35 | 23 | 56 | - | - | 0 | 100 | 5 | 5 |
| NITE EAGLE (UH-1N) | 15 | 11 | 45 | 55 | 65 | 0 | 100 | 5 | 5 |
| PAVE SPECTRE | 8.9 | 5 | 63 | - | - | 0 | N/A | N/A | - |
1. t = distance from the laser in the laser beam path in which there is both a skin hazard and diffuse reflection hazard. Range to be cleared in front of the laser.
2. s = distance around the target out to which specular reflectors must be cleared when laser is level or nearly level with target.
3. Air Force assigned buffer zone is 2 milliradians for LANTIRN. It is general policy for this manual that aircraft be assigned a minimum buffer zone of 5 milliradians.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
NOHD (kilometers) |
NOHD-O (kilometers) |
REFLECTOR CLEARANCE t(1) (meters) s(2) |
Buffer Zones (Buffer Angle) (Milliradians) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi- Pulse |
Single Pulse |
7X50 Binoc. |
8 cm Optics |
12 cm Optics |
Diffuse | Specular | Static | Moving | |
| **************AIRCRAFT MOUNTED LASERS************* | |||||||||
| TADS (Apache) | 26 | 16 | 45 | 68 | - | 0 | 100 | 5 | 5 |
| UH-1N Navigational Thermal Imaging System (AN/AAQ-22) |
- | 720 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 8.6 | 0 | 100 | 5 | 5A |
1. t = distance from the laser in the laser beam path in which there is both a skin hazard and diffuse reflection hazard. Range to be cleared in front of the laser.
2. s = distance around the target out to which specular reflectors must be cleared when laser is level or nearly level with target. 3. Air Force assigned buffer zone is 2 milliradians for LANTIRN. It is general policy for this manual that aircraft be assigned a minimum buffer zone of 5 milliradians.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
NOHD (kilometers) |
NOHD-O (kilometers) |
REFLECTOR CLEARANCE t(1) (meters) s(2) |
Buffer Zones (Buffer Angle) (Milliradians) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multi- Pulse |
Single Pulse |
7X50 Binoc. |
8 cm Optics |
12 cm Optics |
Diffuse | Specular | Static | Moving | ||
| **********MAN PORTABLE********** | ||||||||||
| AIM-1/D | 0.075 | - | 0.460 | --- | --- | 0 | 20 | 10 | 10 | |
| AIM-1/DLR | 0.150 | - | 0.860 | --- | --- | 0 | 20 | 10 | 10 | |
| LPL-30 | 0.090 | - | 0.68 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 10 | |
| M-931 | 0.011 | - | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
| GCP-1 GCP-1A |
0.090 | - | 0.68 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 35 | |
| NITE EYE | 0.090 | - | 0.68 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
| HAVIS M16 Aiming Light |
0.012 | - | 0.1 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
| TD-100/TD-100A | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | 0 | 30 | 10 | 10 | |
| **************AIRCRAFT MOUNTED LASERS************* | ||||||||||
| AIM-1/MLR | 0.085 | - | 0.68 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 10 | |
| AIM-1/EXL | 0.130 | - | 0.68 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 10 | |
1. t = distance from the laser in the laser beam path in which there is both a skin hazard and diffuse reflection hazard. Range to be cleared in front of the laser.
2. s = distance around the target out to which specular reflectors must be cleared when laser is level or nearly level with target.
* WARNING! THIS HAZARD DATA COULD CHANGE SINCE GOVERNMENT HAS NO CONTROL OVER MANUFACTURING OF THESE PRODUCTS. HAZARD CHARACTERISTICS IN THIS TABLE ARE VALID AS OF THE DATE OF GOVERNMENT EVALUATION; PERIODICALLY CHECK WITH THE MANUFACTURER TO ENSURE THAT CHARACTERISITCS HAVE NOT CHANGED SINCE THE DATE OF THE LAST GOVERNMENT EVALUATION.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
Wavelength Nanometers |
Built-in Safety Filter OD * |
Required Eye Protection (Optical Density (OD)) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ---------------------- | Unaided | Aided | Other Aircraft |
|||
| ***************TANK MOUNTED*************** | ||||||
| AN/VVG-1(M551a1) | 694.3 | clip-on 5 | 5.8 | 5.8 | - | |
| AN/VVS-1(M60A2) | 694.3 | clip-on 5 | 5.8 | 5.8 | - | |
| AN/VVG-2(M60A3) | 694.3 | clip-on 5 | 5.8 | 5.8 | - | |
| AN/VVG-3(M1) | 1064 | 5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | - | |
| AVENGER | 10590 | - | 0 | 0 | - | |
| LAV-AD | 10600 | - | 0 | 0 | - | |
| LAV-105 | 1064 | - | 4.0 | 4.7 | - | |
| *********************MAN PORTABLE******************* | ||||||
| AN/GAQ-T1(LD82LB) | 1064 | YES | 4.6 | 5.5 | - | |
| AN/GVS-5 | 1064 | 5 | 3.7 | 4.4 | - | |
| AN/PAQ-1(LTD) | 1064 | 4 | 4.2 | 5.8 | - | |
| AN/PAQ-3(MULE) | 1064 | 5 | 3.9 | 5.6 | - | |
| AN/PAQ-4/A/B/C | 830 | - | 0 | 0 | - | |
| AN/PEQ-1 (SOFLAM) | 1064 | 5 | 4.0 | 5.3 | - | |
| AN/PVS-6 | 1540 | - | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| AN/TVQ-2(GVLLD) | 1064 | YES | 3.8 | 5.5 | - | |
| CLD(Compact Laser Designator) |
1064 | 5 | 4.5 | 5.4 | - | |
| LLTD | 1064 | - | 4.0 | 4.9 | - | |
| MLRF(Mini-Laser Rangefinder) |
1064 | YES | 3.7 | 3.7 | - | |
* Assume that built-in safety filter only protects against the wavelength of the laser in which it is installed and that it does not always protect against other laser wavelengths.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
Wavelength Nanometers |
Built-in Safety Filter OD * |
Required Eye Protection (Optical Density (OD)) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ---------------------- | Unaided | Aided | Other Aircraft |
||
| ***************AIRCRAFT MOUNTED************************ | |||||
| AH-1W Night Targeting System (NTS) |
1064 | YES | 3.5 | 5.2 | A |
| AN/AAQ-22 Navigational Thermal Imaging System |
1064 | N/A | 4.0 | 4.0 | A |
| AN/AAS-33A (A-6E TRAM) |
1064 | 4.6 | 5.8 | 3.0 | |
| AN/AAS-37 (OV-10D NOS) |
1064 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 3.0 | |
| AN/AAS-38A (F/A-18) |
1064 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 3.0 | |
| AN/ASQ-153 (F-4E PAVE SPIKE) |
1064 | 4.2 | 5.6 | ||
| AN/AVQ-25 (F-111F PAVE TACK) |
1064 | 4.3 | 5.8 | ||
| F-117 | 1064 | N/A | 4.5 | 6 | |
| LAAT(AH-1F) | 1064 | YES | 3.5 | 4.8 | |
| LANTIRN | |||||
| (Combat Mode) | 1064 | N/A | 4.2 | 5.8 | |
| (Training Mode) | 1540 | N/A | 0 | 0 | |
| --------------------------------- | |||||
| MMS(OH-58D) | 1064 | 4.1 | 5.3 | ||
| NITE EAGLE (UH-1N) | 1064 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 3.7 | |
| PAVE SPECTRE | 1064 | N/A | 3.7 | 5.4 | |
| TADS/PNVS(APACHE AAH) | 1064 | YES | 4.0 | 5.5 | |
* Assume that built-in safety filter only protects against the wavelength of the laser in which it is installed and that it does not always protect against other laser wavelengths.
| Device/ Mounting Angle |
Wavelength Nanometers |
Built-in Safety Filter OD * |
Required Eye Protection (Optical Density (OD)) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ***************MAN PORTABLE******************** | |||||
| GCP-1&1A/ACP-2&2A | 825 | 1.7 | 2.6 | A | |
| HAVIS M16 Aiming Light | 850 | 1.1 | 1.1 | ||
| LPL-30 | 800-850 | 1.7 | 1.7 | ||
| M-931 | 850 | 0.7 | 0.8 | ||
| NITE EYE | 980 | 1.7 | 1.7 | A | |
| TD-100 | 850 | 1.1 | 1.1 | ||
| 632.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
| TD-100A | 850 | 1.1 | 1.1 | ||
| --- | 670 | 0.6 | 0.6 | ||
| **************AIRCRAFT MOUNTED******************* | |||||
| AIM-1/ (MLR/EXL/D/DLR) |
800-850 | 1.7 | 1.7 | ||
* WARNING! THIS HAZARD DATA COULD CHANGE SINCE GOVERNMENT HAS NO CONTROL OVER MANUFACTURING OF THESE PRODUCTS. HAZARD CHARACTERISTICS IN THIS TABLE ARE VALID AS OF THE DATE OF GOVERNMENT EVALUATION; PERIODICALLY CHECK WITH THE MANUFACTURER TO ENSURE THAT CHARACTERISTICS HAVE NOT CHANGED SINCE THE DATE OF THE LAST GOVERNMENT EVALUATION.
** Assume that built-in safety filter only protects against the wavelength of the laser in which it is installed and that it does not always protect against other laser wavelengths.