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The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. They are deter- mined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security. They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty :
ARTICLE 1 The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
ARTICLE 2 The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the prin- ciples upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well- being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them. ARTICLE 3 In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack. ARTICLE 4 The Parties will consult together whenever, in the opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the Parties is threatened.
ARTICLE 5 The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, includ- ing the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures neces- sary to restore and maintain international peace and security (1) . 218
218 Page 219 220 215 ARTICLE 6 For the purpose of Article 5, an armed attack on one or more of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack: on the territory of any of the Parties in Europe or North America, on the Algerian Departments of France, (2) on the territory of Turkey or on the Islands under the jurisdiction of any of the Parties in the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer; on the forces, vessels, or aircraft of any of the Parties, when in or over these territories or any other area in Europe in which occupation forces of any of the Parties were stationed on the date when the Treaty entered into force or the Medi- terranean Sea or the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer. ARTICLE 7 This Treaty does not affect, and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way the rights and obligations under the Charter of the Parties which are members of the United Nations, or the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security. ARTICLE 8 Each Party declares that none of the international engagements now in force between it and any other of the Parties or any third State is in conflict with the provisions of this Treaty, and undertakes not to enter into any international engagement in conflict with this Treaty. ARTICLE 9 The Parties hereby establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented, to consider matters concerning the implementation of this Treaty. The Council shall be so organized as to be able to meet promptly at any time. The Council shall set up such subsidiary bodies as may be necessary; in particular it shall establish immediately a defence committee which shall recommend measures for the implementation of Articles 3 and 5. ARTICLE 10 The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to fur- ther the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession. ARTICLE 11 This Treaty shall be ratified and its provisions carried out by the Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited as soon as pos- sible with the Government of the United States of America, which will notify all the other signatories of each deposit. The Treaty shall enter into force between the States which have ratified it as soon as the ratifications of the majority of the signatories, including the ratifications of Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, have been depos- ited and shall come into effect with respect to other States on the date of the deposit of their ratifica- tions. (3) 219
219 Page 220 221 216 ARTICLE 12 After the Treaty has been in force for ten years, or at any time thereafter, the Parties shall, if any of them so requests, consult together for the purpose of reviewing the Treaty, having regard for the factors then affecting peace and security in the North Atlantic area, including the development of universal as well as regional arrangements under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security. ARTICLE 13 After the Treaty has been in force for twenty years, any Party may cease to be a Party one year after its notice of denunciation has been given to the Government of the United States of America, which will inform the Governments of the other Parties of the deposit of each notice of denunciation ARTICLE 14 This Treaty, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. Duly certified copies will be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of other signatories. FOOTNOTES 1 The definition of the territories to which Article 5 applies was revised by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey and by the Protocols signed on the accession of the Federal Republic of Germany and of Spain.
2 On January 16,1963, the North Atlantic Council heard a declaration by the French Representa- tive who recalled that by the vote on self-determination on July 1, 1962, the Algerian people had pronounced itself in favour of the independence of Algeria in cooperation with France. In conse-
quence, the President of the French Republic had on July 3, 1962, formally recognized the indepen- dence of Algeria. The result was that the “Algerian departments of France” no longer existed as such, and that at the same time the fact that they were mentioned in the North Atlantic Treaty had no longer any bearing. Following this statement the Council noted that insofar as the former Algerian Depart- ments of France were concerned, the relevant clauses of this Treaty had become inapplicable as from July 3, 1962.
3 The Treaty came into force on 24 August 1949, after the deposit of the ratifications of all signa- tory states. 220
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THE 16 NATO MEMBER COUNTRIES
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
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223
218
OSCE PARTICIPATING STATES
AS OF JUNE 1, 1997
Albania Observer as of 6/90; Fully participating State since 6/91
Andorra Fully participating State since 4/96
Armenia Fully participating State since 1/92
Austria Original participating State
Azerbaijan Fully participating State since 1/92
Belarus Fully participating State since 1/92
Belgium Original participating State
Bosnia-Herzegovina Fully participating State since 4/92
Bulgaria Original participating State
Canada Original participating State
Croatia Observer as of 1/92; Fully participating State since 3/92
Cyprus Original participating State
Czech Republic As Czechoslovakia, original participating State; fully participating State as the Czech Republic since 1/93
Denmark Original participating State
Estonia Fully participating State since 9/91
Finland Original participating State
France Original participating State
Georgia Fully participating State since 3/92
Germany Originally participated as Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic
Greece Original participating State
The Holy See Original participating State
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219
Hungary Original participating State
Iceland Original participating State
Ireland Original participating State
Italy Original participating State
Kazakhstan Fully participating State since 1/92
Kyrgyzstan Fully participating State since 1/92
Latvia Fully participating State since 9/91
Liechtenstein Original participating State
Lithuania Fully participating State since 9/91
Luxembourg Original participating State
Malta Original participating State
Macedonia Observer as of 4/93; Fully participating State as of 10/95
Moldova Fully participating State since 1/92
Monaco Original participating State
Netherlands Original participating State
Norway Original participating State
Poland Original participating State
Portugal Original participating State
Romania Original participating State
Russia Succeeded Soviet Union as fully participating State, 1/92
San Marino Original participating State
Slovak Republic As Czechoslovakia, original participating State; as Slovak Repub- lic, Fully participating State since 1/93
Slovenia Observer as of 1/92; Fully participating State since 3/92
Spain Original participating State
Sweden Original participating State
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Switzerland Original participating State
Tajikistan Fully participating State since 1/92
Turkey Original participating State
Turkmenistan Fully participating State since 1/92
Ukraine Fully participating State since 1/92
United Kingdom Original participating State
United States Original participating State
Uzbekistan Fully participating State since 1/92
Yugoslavia Original participating State; membership suspended as of 7/92
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221
STATES PARTICIPATING IN THE PARTERNSHIP FOR PEACE (PFP)
as of June 1, 1997
Albania February 23, 1994
Armenia October 5, 1994
Austria February 10, 1995
Azerbaijan May 4, 1994
Belarus January 11, 1995
Bulgaria February 14, 1994
Czech Republic March 10, 1994
Estonia February 3, 1994
Finland May 9, 1994
Georgia March 23, 1994
Hungary February 8, 1994
Kazakhstan May 27, 1994
Kyrgyzstan June 1, 1994
Latvia February 14, 1994
Lithuania January 27, 1994
Malta April 26, 1995, withdrew October 29, 1996
Macedonia November 15, 1995
Moldova March 16, 1994
Poland February 2, 1994
Romania January 26, 1994
Russia June 22, 1994
Slovak Republic February 9, 1994
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Slovenia March 30, 1994
Sweden May 9, 1994
Switzerland December 11, 1996
Turkmenistan May 10, 1994
Ukraine February 8, 1994
Uzbekistan July 13, 1994