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Congressional Research Service Reports
on Foreign Policy and Regional Affairs

Policy Issues

• Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and U.S. Policy, updated April 18, 2008
• United Nations System Funding: Congressional Issues, updated February 1, 2008
• FY2008 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for International Affairs, updated January 24, 2008
• The United Nations Human Rights Council: Issues for Congress, updated January 8, 2008
• Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy?, December 26, 2007
• State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2008 Appropriations, updated December 14, 2007
• Foreign Aid Reform: Issues for Congress and Policy Options, November 7, 2007
• The U.N. Law of the Sea Convention and the United States: Developments Since October 2003, updated October 31, 2007
• The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA), updated October 12, 2007
• Millennium Challenge Account, updated September 24, 2007
• Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Transformational Diplomacy, August 23, 2007
• U.S. Foreign Aid to East and South Asia: Selected Recipients, updated August 22, 2007
• The Global Peace Operations Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress, updated June 11, 2007
• International Crises and Disasters: U.S. Humanitarian Assistance, Budget Trends, and Issues for Congress, updated May 3, 2007
• What’s the Difference? -- Comparing U.S. and Chinese Trade Data, April 10, 2007
• United Nations Reform: U.S. Policy and International Perspectives, January 22, 2007
• U.S. Strategic and Defense Relationships in the Asia-Pacific Region, January 22, 2007
• State Department and Related Agencies: FY2006 Appropriations and FY2007 Request, updated July 13, 2006
• Restructuring U.S. Foreign Aid: The Role of the Director of Foreign Assistance, June 16, 2006
• The Jackson-Vanik Amendment: A Survey, updated August 1, 2005
• Foreign Operations (House)/State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (Senate): FY2006 Appropriations, updated July 1, 2005
• Foreign Aid: Understanding Data Used to Compare Donors, updated May 23, 2005
• U.S. International Trade: Data and Forecasts, updated May 16, 2005
• Republic of the Marshall Islands Changed Circumstances Petition to Congress, updated May 16, 2005
• International Financial Institutions: Funding U.S. Participation, May 3, 2005
• Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy, updated January 19, 2005
• The Law of the Sea Convention and U.S. Policy, updated February 10, 2005
• Rising Energy Competition and Energy Security in Northeast Asia: Issues for U.S. Policy, updated February 9, 2005
• Vienna Convention on Consular Relations: Overview of U.S. Implementation and International Court of Justice (ICJ) Interpretation of Consular Notification Requirements, May 17, 2004

• AIDS in Africa, updated February 2, 2008
• Africa, the G8, and the Blair Initiative, updated June 14, 2005
• Africa's Great Lakes Region: Current Conditions in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda, October 28, 2003
• Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance Issues, updated June 28, 2005
• Algeria: Current Issues, updated February 16, 2005
• The Central African Republic, November 2, 2007
• Instability in Chad, January 30, 2008
• Democratic Republic of Congo: Transitional Process and U.N. Mission, March 22, 2005
• Ghana: Background and U.S. Relations, February 14, 2008
• Islam in Africa, May 9, 2008
• Kenya: The December 2007 Elections and the Challenges Ahead, updated April 4, 2008
• Liberia’s Post-War Recovery: Key Issues and Developments, updated August 30, 2007
• Nigeria: Current Issues, updated January 30, 2008
• Nigeria in Political Transition , updated June 3, 2005
• Sudan: The Darfur Crisis and the Status of the North-South Negotiations, October 22, 2004
• Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur, June 16, 2004
• Sudan: The Crisis in Darfur and Status of the North-South Peace Agreement, updated April 15, 2007
• Tanzania: Background and Current Conditions, December 20, 2007
• Uganda: Current Conditions and the Crisis in North Uganda, updated April 4, 2008
• U.S. Trade and Investment Relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa: The African Growth and Opportunity Act and Beyond, updated September 12, 2007
• Western Sahara: Status of Settlement Efforts, updated September 29, 2006
• Zimbabwe: Current Issues, updated December 6, 2007

Americas

• The MS-13 and 18th Street Gangs: Emerging Transnational Gang Threats?, updated January 30, 2008
• Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America: An Overview and Selected Issues, updated January 29, 2008
• Overview of Education Issues and Programs in Latin America, December 19, 2007
• Gangs in Central America, updated August 2, 2007
• Afro-Latinos in Latin America and Considerations for U.S. Policy, updated January 14, 2008
• Canada-U.S. Relations, updated May 15, 2007
• Gangs in Central America, May 10, 2005
• Organization of American States: A Primer, updated May 11, 2005
• Argentina: Political Conditions and U.S. Relations, updated October 12, 2006
• Bolivia: Political and Economic Developments and Implications for U.S. Policy, updated January 26, 2007
• Caribbean Region: Issues in U.S. Relations, updated May 25, 2005
• Plan Colombia: A Progress Report, updated June 22, 2005
• Colombia: Issues for Congress, updated January 19, 2005
• Costa Rica: Background and U.S. Relations, updated February 10, 2005
• Cuba’s Political Succession: From Fidel to Raúl Castro, updated February 29, 2008
• Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances, updated May 3, 2007
• Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress, updated August 21, 2007
• Cuba and the State Sponsors of Terrorism List, updated May 13, 2005
• The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), updated October 10, 2007
• Dominican Republic: Political and Economic Conditions and Relations with the United States, updated March 8, 2005
• Ecuador: Political and Economic Situation and U.S. Relations, updated May 2, 2005
• A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status of Negotiations, updated January 3, 2005
• El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and Relations with the United States, updated May 3, 2005
• Guatemala: 2007 Elections and Issues for Congress, updated January 9, 2008
• Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns, updated June 21, 2007
• Honduran-U.S. Relations, updated January 30, 2008
• Honduras: Political and Economic Situation and U.S. Relations, updated October 13, 2006
• Jamaica: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations, February 3, 2006
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections, updated June 1, 2007
• Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues for the 110th Congress, updated June 22, 2007
• Mexico's Drug Cartels, October 16, 2007
• Mexico-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 109th Congress, updated June 2, 2005
• Mexico-United States Dialogue on Migration and Border Issues, 2001-2005, updated June 2, 2005
• U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications, updated July 11, 2005
• Nicaragua: Political Situation and U.S. Relations, March 17, 2008
• Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations, updated November 16, 2006
• Paraguay: Background and U.S. Relations, September 20, 2007
• Peru: Political Situation, Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations, updated January 15, 2008
• U.S.-Peru Economic Relations and the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, July 27, 2007
• Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress, May 25, 2005
• Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy, updated January 11, 2008

Asia

• East Asia’s Foreign Exchange Rate Policies, April 10, 2008
• Emerging Trends in the Security Architecture in Asia: Bilateral and Multilateral Ties Among the United States, Japan, Australia, and India, January 7, 2008
• East Asian Regional Architecture: New Economic and Security Arrangements and U.S. Policy, updated January 4, 2008
• Afghan Refugees: Current Status and Future Prospects, January 26, 2007
• NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance, updated January 7, 2008
• Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy, updated December 6, 2007
• Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, updated April 7, 2008
• Afghanistan: Government Formation and Performance, updated June 15, 2007
• Bangladesh: Background and U.S. Relations, updated August 2, 2007
• Burma and Transnational Crime, updated April 16, 2008
• Burma-U.S. Relations, updated October 4, 2007
• Burma: Economic Sanctions, updated December 14, 2007
• Islamist Extremism in Bangladesh, January 31, 2007
• Cambodia: Background and U.S. Relations, updated July 18, 2007
• Central Asia: Regional Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests, updated December 14, 2007
• Central Asia's Security: Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests, updated April 26, 2007
• East Timor: Potential Issues for Congress, May 4, 2005
• Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments, updated February 26, 2008
• U. S. Nuclear Cooperation With India: Issues for Congress, July 29, 2005
• India-U.S. Economic and Trade Relations, August 31, 2007
• India-U.S. Economic Relations, updated February 10, 2005
• India's 2004 National Elections, July 12, 2004 (at State Dept Foreign Press Center)
• India: Chronology of Recent Events, updated February 13, 2007
• India-U.S. Relations, updated December 19, 2007
• Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunamis: Food Aid Needs and the U.S. Response, updated February 16, 2005
• Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami: Humanitarian Assistance and Relief Operations, updated February 10, 2005
• Indonesia: Domestic Politics, Strategic Dynamics, and American Interests, updated June 20, 2007
• Indonesian Elections, updated May 20, 2005
• The Changing U.S.-Japan Alliance: Implications for U.S. Interests, updated January 10, 2008
• Japan’s Currency Intervention: Policy Issues, updated July 13, 2007
• U.S.-Japan Economic Relations: Significance, Prospects, and Policy Options, updated July 9, 2007
• Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress, updated February 20, 2008
• The Proposed U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA): Provisions and Implications, January 22, 2008
• The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA), updated July 18, 2007
• Laos: Background and U.S. Relations, January 7, 2008
• Malaysia: Political Transition and Implications for U.S. Policy, October 21, 2003
• Mongolia and U.S. Policy: Political and Economic Relations, June 22, 2007
• Nepal: Background and U.S. Relations, updated February 2, 2006
• New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States, updated June 16, 2005
• North Korea’s Abduction of Japanese Citizens and the Six-Party Talks, March 19, 2008
• The Kaesong North-South Korean Industrial Complex, updated February 14, 2008
• North Korean Crime-for-Profit Activities, February 16, 2007
• North Korea: Terrorism List Removal?, updated January 14, 2008
• North Korean Counterfeiting of U.S. Currency, March 22, 2006
• Foreign Assistance to North Korea, updated May 26, 2005
• U.S. Assistance to North Korea: Fact Sheet, updated February 11, 2005
• The North Korean Economy: Leverage and Policy Analysis, updated March 4, 2008
• Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for U.S. Policy, updated January 25, 2007
• North Korea: A Chronology of Events, October 2002-December 2004, January 24, 2005
• North Korean Provocative Actions, 1950-2007, updated April 20, 2007
• North Korea: Economic Sanctions, updated October 17, 2006
• Korea: U.S.-Korean Relations -- Issues for Congress, updated June 16, 2005
• South Korea-U.S. Economic Relations: Cooperation, Friction, and Future Prospects, updated July 1, 2004
• Pakistan’s Scheduled 2008 Election: Background, January 24, 2008
• Pakistan’s Political Crises, updated January 3, 2008
• Pakistan-U.S. Relations, updated April 28, 2008
• Education Reform in Pakistan, December 23, 2004
• Pakistan: Significant Recent Events, March 26 - June 21, 2007, July 6, 2007
• Major U.S. Arms Sales and Grants to Pakistan Since 2001 (fact sheet), updated April 23, 2008
• Direct Overt U.S. Aid, Export Assistance and Military Reimbursements to Pakistan, FY2002-FY2009, updated May 9, 2008
• Pakistan and Terrorism: A Summary, March 27, 2007
• Pakistan: Chronology of Recent Events, updated October 20, 2006
• Pakistan's Domestic Political Developments, updated September 19, 2005
• Pakistan-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation, updated March 28, 2003
• Nuclear Threat Reduction Measures for India and Pakistan, updated February 17, 2005
• Terrorism in South Asia, updated December 13, 2004
• The Republic of the Philippines: Background and U.S. Relations, updated August 10, 2007
• The U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement: Effects After Three Years, January 7, 2008
• Sri Lanka: Background and U.S. Relations, updated January 22, 2008
• Tajikistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests, updated March 9, 2005
• Thailand: Background and U.S. Relations, updated October 2, 2006
• Turkmenistan’s Political Succession: Developments and Implications, January 18, 2007
• U.S. Assistance to Vietnam, updated February 11, 2005
• U.S.-Vietnam Relations: Background and Issues for Congress, updated January 3, 2008
• The Vietnam-U.S. Normalization Process, updated June 17, 2005
• Vietnam PNTR Status and WTO Accession: Issues and Implications for the United States, updated August 2, 2006
• Australia: Background and U.S. Relations, updated August 8, 2007

China/Taiwan

• China's Foreign Policy and "Soft Power" in South America, Asia, and Africa, report to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 2008
• China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities -- Background and Issues for Congress, updated April 16, 2008
• Tibet: Problems, Prospects, and U.S. Policy, April 10, 2008
• Security Implications of Taiwan’s Presidential Election of March 2008, April 4, 2008
• Taiwan’s 2008 Presidential Election, April 2, 2008
• China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy, updated March 17, 2008
• China's Economic Conditions, updated March 11, 2008
• China-U.S. Trade Issues, updated March 7, 2008
• China’s Holdings of U.S. Securities: Implications for the U.S. Economy, updated February 27, 2008
• How Large is China’s Economy? Does it Matter?, February 13, 2008
• U.S.-Funded Assistance Programs in China, updated January 28, 2008
• China’s Sovereign Wealth Fund, January 22, 2008
• Prospects for Democracy in Hong Kong: China’s December 2007 Decision, January 10, 2008
• China's Currency: Economic Issues and Options for U.S. Trade Policy, updated January 9, 2008
• China’s “Soft Power” in Southeast Asia, January 4, 2008
• Taiwan: Recent Developments and US Policy Choices, updated December 14, 2007
• China’s Space Program: Options for U.S.-China Cooperation, December 14, 2007
• China/Taiwan: Evolution of the "One China" Policy -- Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei, updated December 13, 2007
• China’s 17th Communist Party Congress, 2007: Leadership and Policy Implications, December 5, 2007
• North Korean Refugees in China and Human Rights Issues: International Response and U.S. Policy Options, September 26, 2007
• U.S.-China Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, updated September 6, 2007
• Food and Agricultural Imports from China, updated July 17, 2007
• Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990, updated July 12, 2007
• China's Currency: A Summary of the Economic Issues, updated July 11, 2007
• U.S. Clothing and Textile Trade with China and the World: Trends Since the End of Quotas, July 10, 2007
• The Southwest Pacific: U.S. Interests and China's Growing Influence, July 6, 2007
• Hong Kong: Ten Years After the Handover, June 29, 2007
• China’s Anti-Satellite Weapon Test, April 23, 2007
• Is China a Threat to the U.S. Economy?, updated January 23, 2007
• China-U.S. Relations: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy, updated July 14, 2006
• Social Unrest in China, May 8, 2006
• China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States, updated April 4, 2006
• Internet Development and Information Control in the People's Republic of China, February 10, 2006
• China: Economic Sanctions, updated February 1, 2006
• The Rise of China and Its Effect on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: U.S. Policy Choices, updated January 13, 2006
• China's Space Program: An Overview, updated October 18, 2005
• U.S.-China Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy, updated May 12, 2005
• China's Trade with the United States and the World, updated January 4, 2007
• China's Growing Interest in Latin America, April 20, 2005
• China-U.S. Relations During the 108th Congress, updated January 11, 2005
• China's Foreign Conventional Arms Acquisitions: Background and Analysis, updated November 6, 2001
• Underlying Strains in Taiwan-U.S. Political Relations, updated April 20, 2007
• Taiwan in 2004: Elections, Referenda, and Other Democratic Challenges, updated January 10, 2005
• China-U.S. Aircraft Collision Incident of April 2001: Assessments and Policy Implications, updated October 10, 2001

• U.S.-French Commercial Ties, updated April 7, 2008
• The NATO Summit at Bucharest, 2008, March 24, 2008
• Enlargement Issues at NATO’s Bucharest Summit, March 12, 2008
• Poland’s New Government: Background and Issues for the United States, February 15, 2008
• European Union–U.S. Trade and Investment Relations: Key Issues, February 14, 2008
• The European Union's Energy Security Challenges, updated January 30, 2008
• NATO and the European Union, updated January 29, 2008
• The United States and Europe: Current Issues, updated January 24, 2008
• The European Parliament, updated January 23, 2008
• European Union Enlargement, updated January 23, 2008
• The European Union: Questions and Answers, updated January 23, 2008
• Bosnia: Overview of Current Issues, updated January 17, 2008
• Balkan Cooperation on War Crimes Issues, updated January 14, 2008
• Future of the Balkans and U.S. Policy Concerns, updated January 10, 2008
• EU-U.S. Economic Ties: Framework, Scope, and Magnitude, updated January 3, 2008
• German Foreign and Security Policy: Trends and Transatlantic Implications, October 3, 2007
• NATO and Energy Security, updated August 15, 2007
• Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues, updated July 20, 2007
• The United Kingdom: Issues for the United States, updated July 16, 2007
• U.S.-European Union Relations and the 2007 Summit, updated May 14, 2007
• NATO’s Prague Capabilities Commitment, updated January 24, 2007
• Germany’s Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy, January 19, 2007
• Europe’s New Trade Agenda, December 6, 2006
• Bosnia and the European Union Military Force (EUFOR): Post-NATO Peacekeeping, updated December 5, 2006
• U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism, updated October 16, 2006
• Bosnia and Herzegovina: Issues for U.S. Policy, February 10, 2005
• The European Union in 2005 and Beyond, updated July 11, 2005
• European Union's Arms Control Regime and Arms Exports to China: Background and Legal Analysis, March 1, 2005
• European Union's Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy, updated May 27, 2005
• France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations, updated January 3, 2006
• Greece Update, updated October 16, 2007
• Kosovo and U.S. Policy: Background and Current Issues, updated October 24, 2007
• Kosovo's Future Status and U.S. Policy, updated December 28, 2007
• Macedonia (FYROM): Post-Conflict Situation and U.S. Policy, updated June 17, 2005
• Moldova: Background and U.S. Policy, updated December 4, 2007
• Muslims in Europe: Integration Policies in Selected Countries, November 18, 2005
• The NATO Summit at Prague, 2002, March 1, 2005
• Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, updated April 26, 2005
• Conditions on U.S. Aid to Serbia, updated January 7, 2008
• Serbia and Montenegro Union: Prospects and Policy Implications, updated February 2, 2005
• The United States and Europe: Possible Options for U.S. Policy, updated March 8, 2005
• NATO Applicant States: A Status Report, updated April 25, 2003
• NATO Enlargement, updated May 5, 2003
• NATO's Decision-Making Procedure, updated May 5, 2003

NATO

• Russian Energy Policy toward Neighboring Countries, updated March 27, 2008
• Russia’s 2008 Presidential Succession, February 26, 2008
• Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Security Issues and Implications for U.S. Interests, updated January 31, 2008
• Georgia’s January 2008 Presidential Election: Outcome and Implications, January 25, 2008
• Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy, updated December 17, 2007
• Belarus: Background and U.S. Policy Concerns, updated November 29, 2007
• Russia’s December 2007 Legislative Election: Outcome and Implications, December 10, 2007
• Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests, updated December 19, 2007
• Estonia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy, July 11, 2007
• Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia and U.S.-Russian Economic Ties, updated July 10, 2007
• Russian Oil and Gas Challenges, updated June 20, 2007
• Armenia's Legislative Election: Outcome and Implications for U.S. Interests, June 8, 2007
• Russian Political, Economic, and Security Issues and U.S. Interests, updated May 31, 2007
• U.S. Assistance to the Former Soviet Union, updated March 1, 2007
• Democracy in Russia: Trends and Implications for U.S. Interests, updated August 29, 2006
• Unrest in Uzbekistan: Context and Implications, June 8, 2005
• Uzbekistan: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests, updated May 2, 2005
• Kyrgyzstan’s Constitutional Crisis: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests, updated January 5, 2007
• Coup in Kyrgyzstan: Developments and Implications, April 14, 2005
• Bringing Peace to Chechnya? Assessments and Implications, updated February 11, 2005
• Ukraine's Orange Revolution and U.S. Policy, April 1, 2005
• Ukraine's Political Crisis and U.S. Policy Issues, updated February 1, 2005
• Russian Capital Flight, Economic Reforms, and U.S. Interests: An Analysis, March 10, 2000
• Russian Fighter Aircraft Industrial Base: Parallels with the United States? November 8, 2000

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