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Germany and Life Science

Germany has sponsored more astronaut missions than its continental European neighbors (six, including the flight of an East German astronaut in 1978) at the same time providing Ulf Merbold for three ESA flights. The Spacelab D1 (1985) and the Spacelab D2 (1993) missions on the US Space Shuttle completed a host of life sciences experiments as did the shorter flight of K.D. Flade on the Mir space station in 1992. German firms are also leading many European unmanned life sciences investigations.

Spacelab D1


Spacelab D2


IML-1 and IML-2

Sources and Resources

• Adapted from: Europe and Asia in Space 1993-1994, Nicholas Johnson and David Rodvold [Kaman Sciences / Air Force Phillips Laboratory]

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