INTRODUCTION: The Army has its future doctrine tied to Space. We plan to exploit all forms of Information Operations against any potential adversary and minimize risk and exposure of soldiers to the effects of direct combat. These operations must include planning for and influencing Space operations and Space systems of the future. The Army can no longer afford to adapt and react to what exists, concerning Space. The Army has a Space concept, TRADOC PAM 525-60, Space Support to Land Forces Operations, dated 1 Nov 94. This concept is derived from the Army Space Policy and the Army Space Vision. It incorporates FM 100-18 Space Support to Army Operations, TRADOC PAM 525-5, FM 100-5, Draft Joint Pub 3-14, and Army Battle dynamics, as well as other Army and Joint publications. As a result of implementing the Concept, Space Future Operational Capabilities (FOCs) for the Army were developed. There are three parts to Space, which is an operating medium. They are Terrestrial segments, Space segments, and Links. Interfaces into or out of other systems and operations certainly are important, but are not considered within the scope of Army Space capabilities. There are four military functions or mission areas for Space. They are: Force Enhancement, Force Application, Space Control, and Space Forces Support. The Army Space FOCs support one or more of these mission areas. At the end of the narrative listing and description of the FOCs, the FOC number and title will be listed under the Space functional area it supports.
SP 97-001 SPACE SENSORS LINKED WITH TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS
SP 97-002 SENSORS TO DETECT PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TARGETS
SP 97-003 NBC THREATS & THEATER MISSILE ATTACK WARNING
SP 97-004 SUPPORT BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
SP 97-005 SPACE TRAINING, SIMULATION, & MODELING TOOLS
SP 97-006 ROBUST ARCHITECTURE TO OVERCOME DEGRADATION FACTORS
SP 97-008 RESPONSIVE NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SP 97-009 REAL TIME DISSEMINATION SYSTEMS (WITH AWARENESS OF TIMELINESS OF INFORMATION)
SP 97-010 SUPPORT OPERATIONS ON THE MOVE THROUGH CONTINUUM
SP 97-011 REAL TIME INCREASE OF BATTLESPACE DATA
SP 97-012 SURVIVABLE SYSTEMS WITH LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT/DETECTION
SP 97-013 REAL TIME LOGISTICS CONTROL (TOTAL ASSET VISIBILITY)
SP 97-014 COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF MAPPING CHARTING AND GEODESY (MCG) DATA
SP 97-015 REAL TIME COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF TARGETING DATA (ALL SOURCES)
SP 97-016 AUTOMATIC/AIDED TARGET RECOGNITION (ATR)
SP 97-017 CONTINUOUS AND TIMELY GLOBAL SATELLITE COVERAGE
SP 97-018 ARMY SPACE QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
SP 97-019 ARMY SUPPORT FOR MODULAR SATELLITE CONSTRUCTION
Force Enhancement is defined as any operation conducted from Space with the objective of enhancing, enabling or supporting terrestrial operations in peacetime, conflict, or war. It includes, but is not limited to capabilities such as communications, position and navigation, weather and remote sensing, reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, missile launch detection and warning.
SP 97-001 SPACE SENSORS LINKED WITH TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS
SP 97-002 SENSORS TO DETECT PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TARGETS
SP 97-003 NBC THREATS & THEATER MISSILE ATTACK WARNING
SP 97-004 SUPPORT BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
SP 97-006 ROBUST ARCHITECTURE TO OVERCOME DEGRADATION FACTORS
SP 97-007 INTEROPERABILITY
SP 97-008 RESPONSIVE NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SP 97-009 REAL TIME DISSEMINATION SYSTEMS (WITH AWARENESS OF TIMELINESS OF INFORMATION)
SP 97-010 SUPPORT OPERATIONS ON THE MOVE THROUGH CONTINUUM
SP 97-011 REAL TIME INCREASE OF BATTLESPACE DATA
SP 97-012 SURVIVABLE SYSTEMS WITH LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT/DETECTION
SP 97-013 REAL TIME LOGISTICS CONTROL (TOTAL ASSET VISIBILITY)
SP 97-014 COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF MAPPING CHARTING AND GEODESY (MCG) DATA
SP 97-015 REAL TIME COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF TARGETING DATA (ALL SOURCES)
SP 97-016 AUTOMATIC/AIDED TARGET RECOGNITION
SP 97-017 CONTINUOUS AND TIMELY GLOBAL SATELLITE COVERAGE
SP 97-018 ARMY SPACE QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
SP 97-019 ARMY SUPPORT FOR MODULAR SATELLITE CONSTRUCTION
Force application is conducted primarily from or through Space with the intent to destroy surface and subsurface targets for the purpose of missile defense or power projection. The capabilities within this mission area must be consistent with treaty obligations and national policy.
SP 97-002 SENSORS TO DETECT PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TARGETS
SP 97-007 INTEROPERABILITY
SP 97-008 RESPONSIVE NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SP 97-009 REAL TIME DISSEMINATION SYSTEMS (WITH AWARENESS OF TIMELINESS OF INFORMATION)
SP 97-010 SUPPORT OPERATIONS ON THE MOVE THROUGH CONTINUUM
SP 97-011 REAL TIME INCREASE OF BATTLESPACE DATA
SP 97-015 REAL TIME COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF TARGETING DATA (ALL SOURCES)
SP 97-016 AUTOMATIC/AIDED TARGET RECOGNITION
SP 97-017 CONTINUOUS AND TIMELY GLOBAL SATELLITE COVERAGE
SP 97-018 ARMY SPACE QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
SP 97-020 MISSILE DEFENSE
Space control operations ensure freedom of action in space for friendly forces, while limiting or denying enemy freedom of action. This includes the ability to disrupt, deny, and destroy an adversary's capability to use, or exploit space systems.
SP 97-002 SENSORS TO DETECT PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TARGETS
SP 97-007 INTEROPERABILITY
SP 97-008 RESPONSIVE NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SP 97-009 REAL TIME DISSEMINATION SYSTEMS (WITH AWARENESS OF TIMELINESS OF INFORMATION)
SP 97-011 REAL TIME INCREASE OF BATTLESPACE DATA
SP 97-012 SURVIVABLE SYSTEMS WITH LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT/DETECTION
SP 97-015 REAL TIME COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF TARGETING DATA (ALL SOURCES)
SP 97-016 AUTOMATIC/AIDED TARGET RECOGNITION
SP 97-017 CONTINUOUS AND TIMELY GLOBAL SATELLITE COVERAGE
SP 97-018 ARMY SPACE QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
Space forces support involves launching and deploying space systems and vehicles: maintaining telemetry, tracking, and commanding (TT&C) of space systems, recovering spacecraft; providing logistics support for space, ground control and launch elements; providing surge launch capabilities to replace or augment space assets, acquisition and industrial base.
SP 97-005 SPACE TRAINING, SIMULATION, & MODELING TOOLS
SP 97-006 ROBUST ARCHITECTURE TO OVERCOME DEGRADATION FACTORS
SP 97-007 INTEROPERABILITY
SP 97-008 RESPONSIVE NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SP 97-012 SURVIVABLE SYSTEMS WITH LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT/DETECTION
SP 97-017 CONTINUOUS AND TIMELY GLOBAL SATELLITE COVERAGE
SP 97-018 ARMY SPACE QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
SP 97-019 ARMY SUPPORT FOR MODULAR SATELLITE CONSTRUCTION
SP 97-001 SPACE SENSORS LINKED WITH TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS
Timely and accurate sensor information and delivery is required to support decision making, planning, and combat operations. This information must be available from throughout the battlespace on both friendly and hostile force disposition to include force location, its combat readiness, and strength. The ability to "see" the battlespace is required, as appropriate at all levels of command and control. Various types of sensors are needed to operate in the full range of the electronic and visible spectrum. These sensors can be space based and/or terrestrial. Additionally, the means of quickly transmitting and receiving the appropriate sensor data at all appropriate levels must exist. This necessitates that space based and terrestrial sensor systems interface and interoperate with each other. Furthermore, the means of filtering, organizing, tailoring, and displaying the information must be an integral part of the overall system/architecture. Means to further disseminate and interface with other systems and act quickly upon the data is required. The necessary training, organization, and doctrine must be included to efficiently and effectively use sensor data.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Win the Information War
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-002 SENSORS TO DETECT PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TARGETS
Sensors are needed that collect data across the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in all operational modes in order to monitor, detect, and alert ground forces on targets of military interest. The accuracy requirements are much greater for this type of sensor, or these sensor systems, such that targeting with both precision or non-precision weapons may be made. The time constraints and security imposed on the links are also critical for those targets requiring immediate reaction. Of particular concern is the ability to detect and identify mobile and passive targets in a timely manner. Frequently, targets of military interest will be non-cooperative and may employ a variety of decoys, camouflages, and have the capability to generate false targets or locations. Space based targeting sensors must be able to distinguish the true target from the false one with a high degree of confidence, in a minimum amount of time. The ability to cue and cross correlate space sensors with terrestrial sensors to improve target accuracy and identification is desired, unless the means to do so results in an unacceptable delay to, or burden on ground troops and supporting systems. The manner to accomplish cueing and tasking of weapons systems will be accomplished in accordance with approved concepts, doctrine, and tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP).
Objectives: JWCO: Combat Identification
AMO: Protect the Force
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-003 NBC THREATS & THEATER MISSILE ATTACK WARNING
Another specific type of sensor(s) required to support ground forces is/are space sensors and platforms to detect and identify weapons and weapon launch platforms, as well as storage and handling locations for NBC weapons and threat theater missiles to include Cruise Missiles (CM), throughout the battlespace and under all environmental conditions. The procedures and constraints for tasking and employment of these sensors must be in accordance with the Joint and Army tenets of Missile Defense. Alert, cueing, and tasking of ground systems within established guidelines and timelines, as appropriate, are required for warning and attack operations.
Objectives: JWCO: Chemical/Biological Agent Detection
AMO: Protect the Force
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-004 SUPPORT BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Incumbent upon our Space sensors is a requirement to assist in the processing and assessment of battle damage. This necessitates a need to have sufficient resolution, accuracy, and timeliness, to allow the processing of the data by both ground forces and/or assisted by automated systems to determine the extent of battle damage. While the term assessment implies a human judgment is involved, the sensors with their associated links, interfaces, and terrestrial support systems must allow for an initial indication of damage in sufficient time to determine the need for further engagement of the target, while also permitting post strike assessments. The space sensor data needs to be easily correlated with other types of reports on the target, and facilitate a means to quickly disseminate a designation of a "dead" target, to preclude expenditure of further resources against it, should the target be assessed as no longer militarily significant.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Precision Strike
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-005 SPACE TRAINING, SIMULATION, & MODELING TOOLS
To ensure the ability to make accurate decisions concerning the impacts of space capabilities on ground forces, all segments of space, including space platforms and components, links, and terrestrial systems need to be modeled, with sufficient fidelity, in appropriate architectures, concept simulations, as well as training, exercises, and military operations. Most times the development and use of sufficiently robust models or simulations of Space systems, their capabilities and limitations, links and terrestrial systems, may be the only way to determine the impact of Space, its concepts and the proper interfaces with existing and future RDA or ACR simulations, in a timely and least costly manner. Likewise, the full use of space assets in various forms of training, exercises, and operations may only be accomplished through the use of simulations, due to treaty, cost factors, environmental, or peacetime policy and/or regulatory constraints.
Space models and simulations need to be developed and acquired within sufficient lead time to allow for their use in determining specific system requirements, both space and terrestrial, prior to developing or acquiring new systems or upgrades. Additionally, training simulations must be developed, fielded and personnel trained in their use before release of new or upgraded space systems.
Objectives: JWCO: Joint Readiness
AMO: Project and Sustain
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-006 ROBUST ARCHITECTURE TO OVERCOME DEGRADATION FACTORS
Due to the unique nature of space, all systems operation in and connecting to Space platforms must be robust enough to avoid single points of failure. Sufficient redundancy must exist in each system/subsystem to preclude degradation from natural and man made induced causes. While this may not always be possible from a cost standpoint, critical functions must be redundant. Work arounds and backups must not be time or labor intensive or adversely impact the primary missions of backup or alternative systems. Sufficient warning of degradation should be given to all users impacted, for those systems that may be affected.
Future space platforms must be capable of being repaired and/or replenished while on station. These actions should be accomplished in a timely manner for both routine operations and emergency situations. When the Space platforms are no longer required for operational use, they should be recovered for disposal/reuse, or disposed of in a means that preclude them or their components, from becoming a danger to operational platforms, or future platforms.
Objectives: JWCO: Electronic Warfare
AMO: Win the Information War
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
Space systems are required to interface with many different users. Army space systems must interoperate/interface with other DoD and US government space systems and architectures, with US allied/friendly government space systems and finally, should allow for interoperability with commercial US and foreign systems. This would include the interoperability of space platforms among themselves, as well as terrestrial systems interoperability to space platforms, and interfaces between terrestrial systems. Notwithstanding is the need for security of the information/data. The security measures implemented must allow for interoperability and sharing of information as required, but also allow for termination/denial of information when no longer desired/required. Implementation of these security measures should have minimal labor impact, while allowing for multiple configurations within short periods of time.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Win the Information War
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-008 RESPONSIVE NETWORK MANAGEMENT
The network management structure of Army Space systems must be responsive to changes in management and control. Different phases of the operation may necessitate change of control, support operations and priority of taskings. All systems networks and architectures must be flexible and adaptable to changes in management without undue time lag or increasing workload on system operators, management personnel, and users. Irrespective of the configuration and type of management operations, no degradation to the system or network should occur.
Objective: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Win the Information War
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-009 REAL TIME DISSEMINATION SYSTEMS (WITH AWARENESS OF TIMELINESS OF INFORMATION)
The Army requires Space systems with supporting terrestrial segments which provide for the real time dissemination of critical data/information. The requirement is to have the data provided directly in a broadcast mode as appropriate, without numerous entry points and subsequent relay points. Not all data is required in this manner, however. Data pertaining to critical areas of the operations to include Missile Defense, NBC, high priority targets, and post strike assessments must be provided in a seamless fashion to designated weapons platforms and higher echelons of command in near real time. This process should be automated to the maximum extent possible, consistent with security concerns.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Warfare
AMO: Win the Information War
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-010 SUPPORT OPERATIONS ON THE MOVE THROUGH CONTINUUM
The Army is required to operate on land around the globe, and on deployment routes to those locations, from CONUS and forward bases throughout the spectrum of conflict from peace to reconstitution. Ground forces must have unencumbered access to planning and operational information from the earliest possibility through all phases of deployment. In most instances Space capabilities are the only means to insure this continuous connectivity exists. The Army may have dedicated space terminals on other services and DoD platforms to plan and perform Army missions. These terminals must allow for unrestricted Army access to Army, DoD, US Government, and friendly/allied forces and government agencies, individuals, and databases, at any time during the preparation, deployment, and initial stages of entry, until such time as primary systems, if applicable, are available and fully operational.
Objectives: JWCO: Precision Force
AMO: Project and Sustain Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-011 REAL TIME INCREASE OF BATTLESPACE DATA
The Army has incorporated Information Operations as the Doctrine for Army XXI and the Army After Next. As a result, the need for all types of data and information from throughout the battlespace is imperative. The data and information must be complete, accurate, current, timely, easily understood, and be able to be acted upon. The data provided using space systems must be standardized and compatible with other systems to allow the processing, automation, manipulation, and display of data for command, control, planning, and assessments. The use of this data and information and its impact on the systems must not result in undue workloads for commanders, operators, managers, maintainers, or users. The data will be in a format that is easy to meet security requirements, yet be compatible with all desired US government, commercial, and non-US systems.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Dominate Maneuver Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-012 SURVIVABLE SYSTEMS WITH LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT/DETECTION
Army Space platforms must be survivable against all known and projected threats. Space platforms will have organic capability to detect and recognize threats to the platform. They must be able to take evasive measures automatically to avoid interception or destruction, and if at all possible, accomplish these maneuvers without degrading mission performance. The platform/system will have countermeasures which will defeat threats directed against it. When a platform is not under direct threat, but detects a threat to another space platform, then the sensing platform must have the means to warn the threatened platform, in a timely manner. The timely means of reporting such activity to controlling agencies is also required. Terrestrial segments involved will have survivability equal to or better than the types of systems in proximity where it is operated, or intended to be operated. Environmental and survivability standards must be met. Measures to detect, avoid, and correct hardware and software errors and threats will be accomplished rapidly, without mission degradation. Systems will be designed and built to preclude single points of failure, and be sufficiently redundant in capability to preclude straining backup systems and operators.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Warfare
AMO: Protect the Force Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-013 REAL TIME LOGISTICS CONTROL (TOTAL ASSET VISIBILITY)
As a force projection Army, the Army is concerned with the type and amount of supplies need to support operations. A system, based in part on space assets, is required to assist in identifying and tracking delivery of all classes of supply to units or their elements. This system must be in compliance with Army logistics doctrine and concepts for the Force XXI and Army After Next. The overall concept is to supply items needed by the force both on a requested and predictive basis to insure the force has the logistics means to continue on in its mission. The system(s) should allow for both planning and execution of operations.
Objectives: JWCO: Real Time Logistical Control
AMO: Project and Sustain Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-014 COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF MAPPING CHARTING AND GEODESY (MCG) DATA
The Army is concerned with all kinds of information about the battlespace in which it will be/or is operating. This requires global coverage for the collection and dissemination of current MCG data and information to units at all levels for both planning and operational purposes. Space systems are integral in insuring MCG data is current and of sufficient detail and must be able to support MCG requirements ranging from large aggregate levels of detail down to small unit level detail operating in detached fashion. Space systems must be able to interface with and use as input other US Government, commercial, and foreign sensor data. This data/information must be in a format to be readily shared, as appropriate, but also be controlled, denied, or manipulated to threat forces or third parties sharing MCG information to threat forces.
Objectives: JWCO: Military Operations in Urban Terrain
AMO: Win the Information War Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-015 REAL TIME COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF TARGETING DATA (ALL SOURCES)
During all levels of conflict specific types of targets and targetable events in named areas of interest must be transmitted as rapidly as possible at the proper resolution and fidelity to weapons platforms able to engage, negate or defeat the target. This information must be in the format that is compatible with current Army and joint operations programs and systems. Certain targets may be more time critical for engagement than others and will drive the design parameters for operations and systems designed to meet this need. Space assets are critical in insuring that the targeting information is disseminated in a timely manner to allow for tasking and transmission of this specific type of mission.
Objectives: JWCO: Joint Theater Missile Defense
AMO: Precision Strike Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-016 AUTOMATIC/AIDED TARGET RECOGNITION (ATR)
Rapid detection and identification of a wide variety of targets is essential for Army operations. To do this in a timely manner, assisted or automated target recognition is required to reduce operator workload and inaccuracies. Ideally the target ID would be compatible with fire command formats and recommendations of specific units/weapons systems, based upon METT-T, would also be recommended. To further reduce data processing and transmission timelines, incorporation of some ATR on Space platforms is required, instead of all of it being done on the ground. ATR is required to be interoperable with other Army Joint and Allied/friendly operating systems. Appropriate security of the programs and systems is required.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Protect the Force
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-017 CONTINUOUS AND TIMELY GLOBAL SATELLITE COVERAGE
The Army requires satellite coverage over all land masses of the earth, and based upon the threat environment or operation along delivery routes from CONUS, as well as forward projection areas. All requirements for the four space mission areas must be met, in a timely and efficient fashion. Terrestrial base components of space systems must be available in any area for Army use and or operation without undue delay. Information/data generated in one battlespace, must be able to be shared with CONUS decision makers as well as other theaters. Space coverage and asset availability must support two major regional contingencies, and other required operation and peacetime/routine training, exercise and administrative uses.
Objectives: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Win the Information War
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p. 6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-018 ARMY SPACE QUALIFIED PERSONNEL
The Army requires a core of Space smart personnel. This encompasses the Active duty officer and enlisted personnel, Army Reserve, and Dept. of the Army civilians. These personnel must be able to plan, project, budget, integrate, operate, train, and maintain Army Space systems and space system support. This implies a need for facilities and supporting infrastructure at various locations in CONUS and OCONUS to perform these missions. A process must be developed for identification, training and education, career progression, and recognition in all tracks, for Space personnel. Army courses must take advantage of and leverage existing and future USAF and DoD joint opportunities. However, where unique Army requirements exist, proper instruction and facilities, with all required support, will be developed to support these requirements.
Objectives: JWCO: Joint Readiness
AMO: Protect and Sustain
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p.6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
SP 97-019 ARMY SUPPORT FOR MODULAR SATELLITE CONSTRUCTION
The Army has a need, in conjunction with the other services, to have modular space platforms. This would allow for the development of differently sized, but common/interoperable buses. Sensors, processors, and other components could be developed over time and remain near state of the art. The final configuration of the platform could be determined shortly before launch and then quickly assembled. Other benefits of this approach are the quick replacement of damaged or destroyed platforms and the ability to tailor a platform for augmentation of missions or areas. Further enhancing the value of this approach is the ability and need to standardize launch facilities and launch vehicles supporting Army operations. Objectives: JWCO: Information Superiority
AMO: Protect and Sustain
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p.6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
Missile defense operations involve Active Defense, Passive Defense, Attack Operations and BMC4I. Specific Space capabilities are required to conduct offensive and defensive operations against the enemy missile forces. Cruise Missiles and ballistic missiles threaten the operational tempo of US and coalition forces, especially during early operations/force projection. To counter this threat, space based sensors (and surrogate sensors/platforms) capable of threat detection must interface directly with ground elements to provide detection, identification and tracking data in real time. These sensors must be capable of detecting the enemy missile early enough in its trajectory to provide sufficient warning time to allow friendly forces to implement appropriate protective measures, and allow friendly Active Defense elements time to condition fire units to be able to respond by engaging threat missiles before they impact.
Active Defense involves those actions taken to destroy the enemy missiles after they have been launched, and include detection, classification, alerting, cueing, and physical destruction. Space systems contribute materially to the Active defense mission. Space sensors detect specific missile classes during the boost phase, and some can track missiles in flight. This data is essential to active defense systems, and must be transmitted immediately to ground processing segments for further dissemination. Space sensors must be able to provide this data during all environmental conditions, including man-made conditions.
Passive Defense involves those actions taken to protect the friendly force from enemy missile attack. This includes individual protection, dispersion, reconstitution, camouflage, deception, and hardening. Such measures are reliant upon the capability of space systems to detect and reliably report enemy missile launches, then assist in determining when and where enemy missiles will impact. The space architecture must be robust enough to be tailorable to individual command architectures, and responsive enough to ensure friendly force protection through implementation of appropriate protective measures.
Attack Operations involve those actions taken to defeat the enemy force prior to and after missile launch. It involves detection, classification, and dissemination of data involving all phases of offensive missile operations from construction, through transportation, fielding, training, and actual firing. Space systems must develop targeting data concerning enemy missile launch point accurately and timely enough to allow the Force Commander to react within the enemy decision cycle, and allow for targeting of enemy missile assets to interrupt or prevent launching of enemy missiles.
Battle Management Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (BMC4I). The Space segment of the BMC4I system must be robust enough and responsive enough to enable ground commanders to ensure all aspects of Missile Defense operations to be accomplished, thereby leading to ground force dominance leading to victory. The Space segment must be flexible enough to integrate into a variety of architectures, degrade gracefully, and provide for redundancy of crucial sensor to shooter links. The space sensor network should allow for object detection, tracking, and identification, with specific data updates to allow weapons targeting.
Objectives: JWCO: Joint Theater Missile Defense
AMO: Protect the Force
Reference: TRADOC Pam 525-60, p.6, para 3-2
Previous Operational Capability Requirement (OCR): None
An offensive and defensive capability is required to allow US forces to gain and maintain control of activities conducted in space. This capability is designed to prevent an enemy force from gaining an advantage from space systems and space capabilities, and protect US forces' ability to conduct military operations. Capabilities to conduct surveillance and protect US space systems are required. Measures to deceive, disrupt, degrade, or destroy threat space systems, segments, or infrastructure, are required to support force projection operations. Depending on operational considerations, nonlethal means of denying threat satellites, may be required, for certain orbits, or portions of orbits, and to minimize generation of space debris. The ability to achieve and maintain space control, is required from both terrestrial and space locations. A US infrastructure providing support for Space Control operations is a required capability.
Objectives: JWCO: Joint Readiness AMO: Protect the Force
Reference: TP 525-60, Chapter 3, dated 1 Nov 94
Previous Operational Capability Requirement: (None)