Program payoffs include responsive backbone projection into the tactical area; we can expect to be able to project a Bosnia-size capability within 1 day and a Desert Storm-size capability within 2 days. The program will demonstrate the ability to insert additional relays and automatically reconfigure the backbone and end-to-end routing. End-to-end throughput enhancement will enable the achievement at least one order of magnitude improvement in end-to-end delivery time for wideband imagery products, with delivery to deployed mobile users. The program will demonstrate potential improvements over the current DISN-to-MSE-to-SINCGARS Tactical Internet information flows. The capability in this DTO is required to supply the communications infrastructure to meet the ABIS requirement of collaborative situation assessment and planning for forces en route and on the move.

Milestones for Warfighter's Internet include a lab/simulator demonstration of self-organizing airborne backbone (FY98), an initial airborne backbone demonstration with Global Hawk (FY99), and transition to services (FY01). Milestones for ACN include a communications and payload demonstration (FY98), a receiver/transmitter antenna delivery and a Global Hawk systems integration and test (FY99), and the system integration of Global Hawk and a full-field demonstration (FY00).

Joint Power Projection/Real-Time Support (Navy). C⁴I-for-the-Warrior requires advanced technologies in achieving a real-time decision-making capability. Operation Desert Storm and subsequent joint exercises have revealed shortfalls in integrating mission planning, strike coordination and execution, and battle damage assessment between a naval force and a larger joint command structure. To help remedy these shortfalls, the Joint Power Projection/Real-Time Support (JPP/RTS) program is primarily concerned with technologies that will support an afloat commander, Joint Task Force, or Joint Maritime Component Commander by providing the capability to achieve (1) coordination of weaponeering, targeting, asset route allocation, weapon target allocation, and rapid interactive planning among staffs and warfighters in theater both ashore and afloat; (2) generation and preview, approval, rehearsal, and execution of complex TACAIR and cruise missile plans; (3) automated in-flight, in-cockpit mission management capabilities including threat updates, retargeting, rerouting, improved situation assessment, and offensive and defensive management capabilities; and (4) real-time information processing among planning, rehearsal, and execution workstations to improve use of tactical intelligence and enhance timeliness of mission planning and execution. JPP/RTS will demonstrate the ability to pull imagery, video, and text information needed for target analysis; cue and monitor reconnaissance assets; fully exploit the consistent tactical picture across planning nodes; develop power projection concepts and optimized attack plans with computer assistance across the entire power projection planning spectrum (ship-to-shore-to-ship); provide distributed preview and briefing of a force-level power projection plan; monitor force-level execution; provide force-level plans to unit-level planners for execution and evaluation; direct target changes with in-cockpit planning capabilities; and extract battle damage assessment (BDA) and mission information from returning strike team aircraft for a rapid follow-on strike.

In FY98, the program will demonstrate a 622-megabit/second shipboard local area network (LAN) prototype with interfaces to global and theater-level network control and management. The LAN will provide ATM network management and host advanced Navy/joint power projection tools on fleet workstations and host shipboard interior communications and advanced multimedia distribution. In FY99, the goal is to conduct a major integrated demonstration of planning and execution capabilities, including flight demonstration, in conjunction with Air Force (Joint Forces Air Component Commander ACTD) battle management, national intelligence, and battlefield visualization demonstrations. The program also will demonstrate OC-48 ATM trunks with advanced high-speed transport protocols and advanced congestion management.

Rapid Force Projection Initiative Command and Control TD (Army). Rapid reaction ground forces must by their very nature forego the availability of heavy armor support, yet they must be capable of defeating an enemy armored attack launched against them. It is essential that the early entry ground force be able to disrupt and defeat the enemy armor force before that force can bring its direct fire strength to bear. The RFPI C² TD program will develop a Light Digital Tactical Operations Center (LDTOC), which will demonstrate semiautomated target transfer from forward sensors (hunters) to weapon systems (standoff killers) using C³ integration, and will facilitate fully exploring the capability to expand the brigade-level battlespace through the use of simulations and U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) Battle Lab Warfighting Experiments (BLWEs) and demonstrations. Real-time to near-real-time C³ integration mechanisms will be compatible with U.S. Army Battlefield Operating Systems (BOS) (e.g., AFATDS, Light TACFIRE, ASAS). Finally, the LDTOC will provide the ability to conduct essential targeting and intelligence collection using forward sensors and real-time communications to provide for precision engagements against a variety of high-priority targets, including armored vehicles.

The RFPI C² TD will deliver a Light Digital TOC Simulator (LDTOC SIM), a Light Digital TOC (LDTOC), and the appropriate C² enhancement and communications processing software. The initial build of the LDTOC SIM will be used during the BLWE to be conducted by the Dismounted Battlespace Battle Lab (DBBL) at Ft. Benning during the first quarter of 1997. The LDTOC-SIM is a stationary tabletop configuration located in a Land Warrior Testbed building at Ft. Benning. It will consist of RFPI unique workstations containing C² enhancement software, appropriate BOS, a LAN, and a communications processor to integrate the RFPI wide area network with the LAN. It will replicate early entry force brigade/battalion TOC operations in a simulated tactical environment and will provide a mechanism for the DBBL to refine LDTOC requirements

The LDTOC SIM, with improvements made as a result of the BLWE, will be used as the blueprint for the LDTOC, which will have ruggedized RFPI components. After a fourth quarter FY97 proof-of-principle exercise in which both the LDTOC SIM and the LDTOC will participate, both systems will participate in the RFPI ACTD, a third quarter FY98 full field exercise involving XVIII Airborne Corps. Following the ACTD, the LDTOC SIM will remain at DBBL while the LDTOC will be refurbished and will remain with the exercise unit to function as that unit's go-to-war TOC for a 2-year evaluation period.

By FY98, the program will use advanced real/surrogate C² systems against modern target systems, leverage ongoing programs and developments, emphasize strategies used in field and lab environments, and identify C² protect hardware/software fixes for the Tactical Internet. In FY99, the program will demonstrate countermeasures against communication/navigation systems. The FY00 goal is to demonstrate electronic support and electronic strategies to counter modern telecommunication technologies.

This DTO serves as a supporting DTO to JWSTP DTO A.12.

The ACTD will provide an initial capability for dynamic retasking and will concentrate on space and airborne collection of imagery and SIGINT. Provisions will be made for other integrations and other platforms to be added in the future. The first prototype will be completed at the end of FY97. The second prototype will be completed in the second quarter of FY98. Final delivery of the system is planned for the fourth quarter of FY99.

^* Non-S&T funds.

The RBV ACTD will develop and demonstrate rapid collection and generation of high-resolution (up to 1-m grid spacing) digital terrain elevation data using imagery from aircraft and satellite platforms to generate terrain feature data and map backgrounds. The ACTD will provide and leave behind computer workstations and applications software to (l) generate high-resolution terrain databases, (2) accept high-bandwidth data feeds for remotely processed information, (3) analyze courses of action using mission planning and embedded wargaming software, and (4) conduct mission rehearsals. This ACTD also will provide a tool for exploring warfighting concepts and doctrine.

Four elements will be integrated in this ACTD: source data collection, digital terrain database generation and tailoring, database dissemination, and applications software. Six parameters will be evaluated: rapid access to archived terrain data and imagery; rapid collection of high-resolution terrain elevation data and multispectral imagery using a tactically viable platform; rapid generation of digital terrain databases including semiautomated extraction of selected terrain features; tailoring of terrain databases to meet specific user needs; a hierarchical spatial database management system that will accommodate dynamic revisions and provide users quick access to data sets optimized for their needs; and mission planning, rehearsal, course-of-action analysis, and embedded wargaming software to enable the commander to determine mission approach, and monitor execution of that mission.

By FY98, the program will demonstrate a capability to merge multiresolution elevation and feature data with real-time tactical databases, and demonstrate on a prototype battlefield visualization system. It will generate tailored databases for visualization workstations. By FY99, the goal is to demonstrate an accelerated semiautomated terrain feature-extraction process and a capability to disseminate and integrate selected sets of intelligence, C², logistics, weather, situation awareness, and high-resolution terrain data. The FY00 goal is to demonstrate and leave behind an objective rapid battlefield visualization capability with XVIII Airborne Corps.

During FY97, a laboratory working model of the baseline image analyst tools and workstation components will be demonstrated, then integrated into a van and field tested to prepare for an engineering evaluation exercise. At the completion of this period, the Semiautomated Imagery Processing (SAIP) Demonstration System (SDS) will participate in Operation Desert Capture at the National Training Center. Integration will add both synthetic aperature radar (SAR) and electro-optical (EO) site monitoring capability to support the enhanced configuration. In FY98, the site monitoring and enhanced capability will be field tested and available to support a user assessment. SDS will be capable of operating in a split mode with image formation at one site (with MOBSTR) and exploitation at another site. During user evaluation, military operators will provide assessments of the interface, tools, and reporting capability. The final transition configuration will be tested at a CONUS site in late FY99. During FY99, the system will be used by military operators as required. The baseline configuration will integrate template-based SAR automatic target recognition (ATR), cluster analysis, object-level change detection, and interactive target recognition technology to support U-2 ASARS-2 image exploitation. The enhanced configuration will add EO site monitoring and force structure analysis capability. The final transition configuration will add SAR site monitoring and make minor improvements in previous configurations to develop a more robust system. SAIP will be the first insertion of ATR technology into an operational exploitation system (e.g., the Air Force CARS/DGS and the Army ETRAC). Its goal of 0.9 probability of target detection will reduce exploitation of SAR imagery from 15 to 5 minutes per image. This will enable image analysts to exploit more data in shorter timelines.

Novel image processing and exploitation elements that SAIP will provide include (1) terrain analysis and area delimitation, (2) target detection and classification, (3) elimination of objects not of interest, (4) detection of changes between sequential images, (5) recognition and identification of specific objects/targets, (6) detection and assessment of groups of objects/ targets, (7) recognition of detailed changes at fixed sites or small scenes, (8) advanced methods for image analysts' interaction, (9) automated registration, and (10) traditional analyst tools, including image registration, recall of previous results, image manipulation, mensuration, and assisted report writing

The SAIP demonstration capability will evolve from supporting current U-2 ASARS-2 sensor resolutions with improved tactical surveillance of ground and missile order of battles to enhanced capability to support the higher resolution capability of the U-2 ASARS-2 Improvement Program and the EO sensors, Global Hawk, and Dark Star programs.

^*Non-S&T funds.

^*Non-S&T funds.

From a sensor aspect, it focuses on foliage-penetrating (FOPEN) radar (VHF or UHF) on the high-altitude Global Hawk UAV, and the use of hyper spectral imaging (HSI) on medium-altitude Predator platforms, to detect and identify obscured and camouflaged targets. The quantitative FOPEN ATD objective is to demonstrate less than one false alarm in 10 sq km at 25 km range for targets in foliage or under tactical camouflage. The preferred FOPEN radar frequency and the wavelength and number of bands required for HSI will be developed during FY97 tests. The radar capability will be integrated into the Global Hawk UAV, to provide coverage out to 50 km standoff range, upon completion of DARPA FOPEN ATD tests on a manned platform.

Key demonstrations include, in FY97, tests with existing VHF and UHF FOPEN radars and HSI sensors, to validate system requirements and initiate customer support of CONOPS; in FY98, the counter-CCD ATD, to demonstrate real-time target detection and cueing in SAIP architecture; in FY99, a user-defined CONUS test, to validate FOPEN and HSI image exploitation in CIGSS architecture using manned platforms, and 85% form-fit-function of the UAV sensors; and in FY00-01, user-defined EUCOM operational tests with sensors on UAVs and real-time images in CIGSS image exploitation units.

By FY98 the program will conduct a thorough assessment of the Tactical Internet and will document existing vulnerabilities through testing in the Digital Integrated/Technical Integration Laboratory. It will integrate available C² protect products into the Tactical Internet and evaluate the performance of C² protect products in a narrow bandwidth environment. A goal is to quantify the impact of C² protect products on (1) dynamic routing and network protocols and (2) Tactical Internet applications (Appliqué and ABCS). By FY99, the program will evaluate network security intrusion selection (Net Stalker), Firewalls (Sidewinder, Gauntlet, Cyberguard, Fire-one), and security guards (Radiant Mercury, C² Guards, Ops Intel). In the areas of Internet controllers (INCs) and tactical multinet gateways (TMGs) (commercial routers), the program will identify or develop net management tools (TKI Net), access control lists (internet protocol (IP) filtering), identification and authentication of network management tools, and virtual private network (IP encryption).

The FY00 goal is to continue the development of hardware/software fixes for the Tactical Internet, through iterative testing and fixing. The DTO will demonstrate the capability of the developed tools to protect the networks. The program will identify tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) and engineering strategies for developing a unified IW protect system. This DTO serves as the enabling technologies for IS.17.01 and supports JWSTP DTO A.04.

Milestones include, in FY97, collecting and assessing signal propagation anomaly data at equatorial latitudes, resulting in a 60% improvement in signal outage specification for military communications in equatorial regions; in FY98, assessing environmental impacts to MILSATCOM for Middle Eastern locations, resulting in a 75% improvement in localized connectivity specification of Mid-East communication via MILSATCOM; in FY01, developing and flying an equatorial satellite to monitor/predict signal outages, resulting in the first-ever opportunity to collect global equatorial ionospheric disruption data for development of models to specify and predict effects on military communications; and in FY03, fusing ground- and space-based data sources, resulting in a 90% improvement in global specification/75% predictions.

The TUAV system consists of ground control equipment, one remote video terminal to provide payload information in the area of operation, four modular mission payloads, communications devices, four air vehicles (a means of launch and recovery), and one mobile maintenance facility for every three TUAV systems. (For ILS planning purposes, a TUAV system for the Navy produced during full-rate production would consist of eight air vehicles and modular mission payloads, as well as maintenance facilities configured to the specific ship, and would be ready by FY98.)

^* Non-S&T funds.

FY97 will see completion of the first phase of deployable JTF C³ development (mobile C³, plan rehearsal and refinement during deployment, intelligent interfaces). The program will define and evolve C⁴ISR architecture extensions and extended reference architecture applications. FY98 goals are to commence advanced anchor desk, services, and other expanded capabilities development; demonstrate initial execution and dynamic replanning functionality; develop planning and vulnerability associates, plan and situation monitoring tools, situation projection and visualization tools, persistent report and briefing tools; and adaptive workflow tools; and continue technology program insertion and integration into other DoD and government and civilian agencies over the life of the program. In FY99, the program will demonstrate initial advanced execution and dynamic replanning functionality. FY99-FY02 will continue advanced development and conduct integrated feasibility and other progress demonstrations. The FY02 goal is to complete the second phase of development.

The JTF ATD will afford significant operational payoff, with goals of 100 times faster dynamic planning and 10 times more options than present systems, 15 minutes to learn to use, and rehearsal and refinement enroute.

The FY98 goal is to develop and integrate emerging technologies with U-2 and high-altitude endurance UAV concepts of operations and demonstrate continuous asset planning and automatic tasking with the U-2, Joint STARS, Dark Star, and Global Hawk. Continuous asset planning will match the right asset with the right task at the right time (15-minute clock cycle versus current 12-hour cycle) and achieve an 85% efficient plan with 60 preplanned image operations/hour, and asset optimization per mission as a function of strategy-to-task. Automatic tasking will match dynamic trigger events to sensors and available platforms, determine collection feasibility, and send execution commands to the sensor asset. For a single asset, the goal is 20 retasks/hour while retaining 85% of preplanned tasks for cross-cueing assets, and 10 cross-cues/hour while retaining satisfaction of 85% of previous tasking. By FY99, the program will demonstrate full advanced cooperative collection management (ACCM) capabilities, including multi-asset synchronization and automated collaboration, with U-2, Dark Star, and Global Hawk. Multi-asset synchronization will use automatic, optimizing resource allocation algorithms so that all available platforms are treated as a single sensor constellation to be optimized for availability, feasibility, suitability, and cost/benefit. The multi-asset synchronization measure of performance is schedule repair expressed as change to sensor utilization rates as a function of changed guidance, new targets, percent loss of previous targets, and time to be determined. Collaborative collection management will be implemented at multiple nodes so that status of assets, requests and corresponding tasking, and exploited disseminated products are available to all participants. Performance measures are collection utility, geolocation accuracy, quality, and completeness. By FY00, the program will demonstrate and evaluate ACCM capabilities with high-altitude endurance (HAE) UAVs, national capabilities, U-2, and Guardrail Common Sensor. By FY01, the goal is to complete the transition of continuous asset planning, automatic tasking, and multi-asset synchronization to the HAE Mission Control Element and users of the Joint Collection Management Tools. Final software enhancements will be completed by FY02.

Key technology obstacles are techniques for prediction of expected collection performance to feedback to information requester, information retrieval, hierarchical and distributed collaborative decision making, and algorithms for asset scheduling, dynamic visualization, and distributed database maintenance.