JUL 09, 1999
MEMORANDUM FOR SECRETARIES OF THE MILITARY DEPARTMENTS
CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF
UNDER SECRETARIES OF DEFENSE
DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF DEFENSE
GENERAL COUNSEL OF THE DEPARMENT OF DEFENSE
INSPECTOR GENERAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
ASSISTANTS TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
DIRECTORS OF DEFENSE AGENCIES
SUBJECT: Department of Defense Space Policy
Introduction
For over forty years, the United States has led the
world in the national security uses of outer space. The last
major revision of DoD Space Policy, however, was in 1987 during
the Cold War. Major changes have taken place since that time
which warrant a significant update to reflect new priorities and
the nation's evolving space policies and guidance. The increasing
importance of space activities to the security and defense of the
United States requires a comprehensive and coherent space policy.
Such a policy is necessary to maintain the nation's leadership role
in space into the next century and achieve U.S. national security
objectives. Accordingly, DoD Space Policy is updated by this
memorandum and the issuance of DoD Directive 3100.10, "Space Policy."
Objectives of this Update
This update accomplishes several important objectives.
Specifically, it does the following:
1. Incorporates new policies and guidance promulgated since
the last update. This includes the National Space Policy issued by
the President in 1996.
2. Addresses the major changes that have taken place since the
last update. This includes: the transformation of the international
security environment; the promulgation of new national security and
national military strategies; changes in the resources allocated to
national defense; changes in force structure; lessons learned from the
operational employment of space forces; the global spread of space
systems, technology, and information; advances in military and
information technologies; the growth of commercial space activities;
enhanced intersector cooperation; and increased international cooperation.
3. Establishes a comprehensive policy framework for the conduct
of space and space-related activities. This framework will help to
articulate the need for capabilities, guide the allocation of resources,
and direct programmatic activities.
Themes of this Update
National Interest. Space is a medium like the land, sea, and
air within which military activities will be conducted to achieve U.S.
national security objectives. The ability to access and utilize space
is a vital national interest because many of the activities conducted in
the medium are critical to U.S. national security and economic well-being.
The globally interdependent information- and knowledge-based economy as
well as information-based military operations make the information lines
of communication to, in, through, and from space essential to the exercise
of U.S. power.
Strategic Enabler. Space power is as important to the nation as land,
sea, and air power. It is a strategic enabler of the National Military
Strategy and Joint Vision 2010. Space forces support the execution of
strategy and the realization of doctrine by enabling information
superiority through domination of the collection, generation, and
dissemination of information. The command, control, communications,
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C3ISR) capabilities
provided by space forces are necessary to maintain military readiness,
enable implementation of the operational concepts of dominant maneuver,
precision engagement, focused logistics, and full dimensional protection,
and support the planning and conduct of military operations.
Information Superiority. Space forces provide significant capabilities
to help integrate and deliver C3ISR support to U.S. military forces and,
if directed, deny such support to an adversary. They help enable Combatant
Commanders and operational forces to synthesize information and dictate the
timing and tempo of operations. Achieving space and information superiority
will help to counter an adversary's ability to command and control its forces.
Access to and use of space will help enable the United States to establish
and sustain the battlespace dominance and information superiority necessary
to achieve success in military operations.
Deterrence. Space forces are integral to the deterrent posture of the U.S.
armed forces. They help to ensure that preparations for and initiation of
hostile actions will be discovered in a timely manner. Effective use of
space forces will support the credible threat of force and its application
in response to aggression. Space forces thus may introduce an element of
uncertainty into the minds of potential adversaries about whether they can
achieve their aims. Space forces are critical to the ability of the United
States to ensure the costs of the threat or use of force against our
interests are unacceptable to potential aggressors. The deterrence of
aggression and the defense of the United States and its allies will be
strengthened by ensuring that an adversary can not obtain an asymmetric
advantage by countering our space capabilities or using space systems or
services for hostile purposes.
Defense. Space forces contribute to the overall effectiveness of U.S.
military forces in the event deterrence fails. The high technology
force multipliers provided by space systems enhance the combat power of
military forces. The capability to control space, if directed, will
contribute to achieving the full dimensional protection, battlespace
dominance, and information superiority necessary for success in military
operations. Similarly, the ability to perform space force application
in the future could add a new dimension to U.S. military power. Space
forces thus will enable the United States to compel an adversary to cease
and desist from the pursuit of its aims through the use of necessary
and proportional force.
Freedom of Space. Ensuring the freedom of space and protecting U.S.
national security interests in the medium are priorities for space and
space-related activities. U.S. space systems are national property
afforded the right of passage through and operations in space without
interference. In this regard, space is much like the high seas and
international airspace. The political, military, and economic value
of the nation's activities in space, however, may provide a motive
for an adversary to counter U.S. space assets. Purposeful interference
with U.S. space systems will be viewed as an infringement on our
sovereign rights. The U.S. may take all appropriate self-defense
measures, including, if directed by the National Command Authorities,
the use of force, to respond to such an infringement on our rights.
Integration. Space capabilities and applications will be integrated
into the strategy, doctrines, concepts of operations, education,
training, exercises, and operations and contingency plans of U.S.
military forces. Space force structure, missions, capabilities,
and applications will be incorporated into Professional Military
Education as well as Joint and Service training and exercises to
ensure appropriately educated and trained personnel are provided
to all levels of military staffs and forces. A space-literate
ilitary with the necessary understanding of space operations and
the ability to exploit fully space applications is critical to
achieve national security objectives.
Defense-Intelligence Cooperation. Management of national
security space activities will focus on improving the coordination
and, as appropriate, integration of defense and Intelligence
Community space activities. An integrated national security space
architecture will minimize unnecessary duplication, achieve
efficiencies in acquisition and future operations, and thereby
improve support to military operations.
Intersector Cooperation. The establishment of partnerships
between the defense space sector and the intelligence, civil, and
commercial space sectors will enable the leveraging of scarce
resources and reduce the cost of acquiring, operating, and
supporting operational space force capabilities. Such partnerships
will help to free scarce resources to focus defense investments on
areas where there are limited incentives for the U.S. intelligence,
civil, or commercial space sectors to pursue as well as sustain a
robust U.S. space industrial base.
International Cooperation. Space forces provide a national
advantage to the United States and are an important element within
coalition strategy where America can contribute unique capabilities
for international security. Although the U.S. will maintain the
ability to act independently, coalition military operations are
increasingly the norm. Deploying forces in cooperation with those
of other countries increases the importance of interoperability.
Space systems are capable of performing missions that place a premium
on interoperability by providing access to common user systems,
processes, and information. They enable military forces to operate
in a combined environment in a more efficient and effective manner.
Space forces enhance forward presence by providing the means to
support commitments while minimizing risk to U.S. personnel.
Integrating space capabilities into combined operations through
cooperative activities will strengthen the defense relationships
and alliance structures that help to underpin U.S. national security.
Purposes of the Document
DoD Directive 3100.10, "Space Policy," establishes policy and
assigns responsibilities for space and space-related activities. It
implements PDD-NSC-49/NSTC-8, "National Space Policy" and supersedes
the February 4, 1987, Secretary of Defense Memorandum, "Department of
Defense Space Policy," and DoD Directive 3500.1, "Defense Space Council."
Attachments:
a/s
cc: Director of Central Intelligence
Department of Defense
DIRECTIVE
NUMBER 3100.10
July 9, 1999
ASD(C3I)
SUBJECT: Space Policy
References: (a) PDD-NSC-49/NSTC-8, "National Space
Policy (U)," September 14, 1996
(b) Secretary of Defense Memorandum, "Department of
Defense Space Policy" (U), February 4, 1987 (hereby
canceled)
(c) DoD Directive 3500.1, "Defense Space Council,"
December 29, 1988 (hereby canceled)
(d) The White House, "A National Security Strategy
for a New Century," October 1998
(e) through (nn), see enclosure 1
1. PURPOSE
This Directive:
1.1. Establishes policy and assigns responsibilities
for space and space-related matters within the Department
of Defense.
1.2. Implements reference (a), supersedes references
(b) and (c), and supports and amplifies references (a)
and (d) through (nn).
1.3. Authorizes publication of additional DoD issuances
consistent with this Directive and references (a) and
(d) through (nn).
2. APPLICABILITY AND SCOPE
2.1. This Directive applies to the Office of the Secretary
of Defense, the Military Departments (including the
Coast Guard when it is operating as a Military Service
in the Department of the Navy), the Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Combatant Commands, the Inspector
General of the Department of Defense, the Defense Agencies,
and the DoD Field Activities (hereafter referred to
collectively as "the DoD Components"). The term "Military
Services," as used herein, refers to the Army, the Navy,
the Air Force, and the Marine Corps.
2.2. The scope of this Directive includes the policy,
requirements generation, planning, financial management,
research, development, testing, evaluation, acquisition,
education, training, doctrine, exercise, operation,
employment, and oversight of space and space-related
activities within the Department of Defense.
3. DEFINITIONS
Terms used in this Directive are defined in enclosure
2.
4. POLICY
It is DoD policy that:
4.1. Space is a medium like the land, sea, and air
within which military activities shall be conducted
to achieve U.S. national security objectives. The
ability to access and utilize space is a vital national
interest because many of the activities conducted in
the medium are critical to U.S. national security and
economic well-being.
4.2. Ensuring the freedom of space and protecting U.S.
national security interests in the medium are priorities
for space and space-related activities. U.S. space
systems are national property afforded the right of
passage through and operations in space without interference,
in accordance with reference (a).
4.2.1. Purposeful interference with U.S. space systems
will be viewed as an infringement on our sovereign rights.
The U.S. may take all appropriate self-defense measures,
including, if directed by the National Command Authorities
(NCA), the use of force, to respond to such an infringement
on U.S. rights.
4.3. The primary DoD goal for space and space-related
activities is to provide operational space force capabilities
to ensure that the United States has the space power
to achieve its national security objectives, in accordance
with reference (d). Contributing goals include sustaining
a robust U.S. space industry and a strong, forward-looking
technology base.
4.3.1. Space activities shall contribute to the achievement
of U.S. national security objectives, in accordance
with reference (a), by:
4.3.1.1. Providing support for the United States' inherent
right of self-defense and defense commitments to allies
and friends.
4.3.1.2. Assuring mission capability and access to
space.
4.3.1.3. Deterring, warning, and, if necessary, defending
against enemy attack.
4.3.1.4. Ensuring that hostile forces cannot prevent
the United States' use of space.
4.3.1.5. Ensuring the United States' ability to conduct
military and intelligence space and space-related activities.
4.3.1.6. Enhancing the operational effectiveness of
U.S. and allied forces.
4.3.1.7. Countering, if necessary, space systems and
services used for hostile purposes.
4.3.1.8. Satisfying military and intelligence requirements
during peace and crisis as well as through all levels
of conflict.
4.3.1.9. Supporting the activities of national policy-makers,
the Intelligence Community, the NCA, Combatant Commanders
and the Military Services, other Federal officials,
and continuity of Government operations.
4.4. Mission Areas. Capabilities necessary to conduct
the space support, force enhancement, space control,
and force application mission areas shall be assured
and integrated into an operational space force structure
that is sufficiently robust, ready, secure, survivable,
resilient, and interoperable to meet the needs of the
NCA, Combatant Commanders, Military Services, and intelligence
users across the conflict spectrum.
4.5. Assured Mission Support. The availability of
critical space capabilities necessary for executing
national security missions shall be assured, in accordance
with references (a) and (e) through (h). Such support
shall be considered and implemented at all stages of
requirements generation, system planning, development,
acquisition, operation, and support. Assured mission
capability shall be assessed and taken into account
in determining tradeoffs among cost, performance, resilience,
lifetime, protection, survivability, and related factors.
Access to space, robust satellite control, effective
surveillance of space, timely constellation replenishment/reconstitution,
space system protection, and related information assurance,
access to critical electromagnetic frequencies, critical
asset protection, critical infrastructure protection,
force protection, and continuity of operations shall
be ensured to satisfy the needs of the NCA, Combatant
Commanders, Military Services, and the intelligence
users across the conflict spectrum.
4.6. Planning. Planning for space and space-related
activities shall focus on improving the conduct of national
security space operations, assuring mission support,
and enhancing support to military operations and other
national security objectives. Such planning shall
also identify missions, functions, and tasks that could
be performed more efficiently and effectively by space
forces than terrestrial alternatives.
4.6.1. Long-range planning objectives for space capabilities
are to:
4.6.1.1. Ensure U.S. leadership through revolutionary
technological approaches in critical areas.
4.6.1.2. Develop a responsive, customer-focused architecture
that simplifies operations and use.
4.6.1.3. Ensure civil and commercial capabilities are
used to the maximum extent feasible and practical (including
the use of allied and friendly capabilities, as appropriate),
consistent with national security requirements.
4.6.1.4. Provide assured, cost-effective, responsive
access to space.
4.6.1.5. Contribute to a comprehensive command, control,
communications, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
architecture that integrates space, airborne, land,
and maritime assets.
4.6.1.6. Ensure space systems are seamlessly integrated
within a globally accessible and secure information
infrastructure.
4.6.1.7. Provide appropriate national security space
services and information to the intelligence, civil,
commercial, scientific, and international communities.
4.6.1.8. Provide space control capabilities consistent
with Presidential policy as well as U.S. and applicable
international law.
4.6.1.9. Protect national security space systems to
ensure mission execution.
4.6.1.10. Explore force application concepts, doctrine,
and technologies consistent with Presidential policy
as well as U.S. and applicable international law.
4.6.1.11. Promote a trained, space-literate national
security workforce able to utilize fully space capabilities
for the full spectrum of national security operations.
4.6.2. Architectures. An integrated national security
space architecture, including space, ground, and communications
link segments, as well as user interfaces and equipment,
shall be developed to the maximum extent feasible.
Such an integrated architecture shall address defense
and intelligence missions and activities to eliminate
unnecessary vertical stove-piping of programs, minimize
unnecessary duplication of missions and functions, achieve
efficiencies in acquisition and future operations, provide
strategies for transitioning from existing architectures,
and thereby improve support to military operations and
other national security objectives.
4.6.2.1. Space architectures shall be structured to
take full advantage, as appropriate, of defense, intelligence,
civil, commercial, allied, and friendly space capabilities.
Such architectures shall also include, as appropriate,
system, operational, and technical architecture descriptions.
Joint technical standards drawn from widely accepted
commercial standards, consistent with national security
requirements, shall provide the basis for new system
integration where appropriate. Appropriate interoperability
and standards mandates shall be observed to enable the
interoperability of space services.
4.6.2.2. Space architectures should be designed for
appropriate levels of mission optimization, availability,
and survivability in all aspects of on-orbit configurations
and associated infrastructure. Planning shall emphasize
the need for responsiveness and the elimination of vulnerabilities
that could prevent mission accomplishment.
4.7. Augmentation. Requirements, arrangements, and
procedures, including cost sharing and reciprocity arrangements,
for augmentation of the space force structure by civil,
commercial, allied, and friendly space systems shall
be identified in coordination with the Director of Central
Intelligence, as appropriate, and shall be planned and
implemented in accordance with reference (a).
4.8. Mobilization and Preparedness. Space forces
and their supporting industrial base shall be integrated
into the defense mobilization planning process. Specific
programs, facilities, and personnel shall be identified
and incorporated into relevant critical assets and items
lists, in accordance with references (e), (g), (i) and
(j).
4.9. Support to Commercial Space Activities. Stable
and predictable U.S. private sector access to appropriate
DoD space-related hardware, facilities, and data shall
be facilitated consistent with national security requirements,
in accordance with references (a) and (k). The U.S.
Government's right to use such hardware, facilities,
and data on a priority basis to meet national security
and critical civil sector requirements shall be preserved.
4.10. Translating Operational Needs into Programs.
Space programs and activities shall be responsive
to mission area shortfalls, validated operational needs,
and operational requirements. Requirements, resources,
and acquisition activities, where applicable, shall
be documented in the requirements generation system,
the acquisition management system, and the planning,
programming, and budgeting system. Space shall be
considered as a medium for conducting any operation
where mission success and effectiveness would be enhanced
relative to other media.
4.10.1. Cost as an Independent Variable. Cost, as
an independent variable, shall be applied in all architecture
development processes to ensure requiring organizations
understand cost drivers and weigh all requirements against
their associated costs.
4.10.2. Acquisition. Acquisition strategies shall
usually include: an overview of the system's capabilities
and concept of operations desired for the full system;
a flexible overall architecture, which includes a process
for change; an emphasis on open systems design, flexible
technology insertion, and rigorous technology demonstrations;
rapid achievement of incremental capability in response
to time-phased statements of operational requirements;
and close and frequent communications with users.
At program initiation, the acquisition strategy submitted
for the cognizant acquisition authority's approval shall
describe whether an evolutionary approach is appropriate,
and, if so, how the program manager will implement the
approach. Progression to an additional level of capability
beyond the first increment requires the cognizant acquisition
authority's approval and shall be based on a review
of evolving requirements and technology development.
4.10.3. Preference for Commercial Acquisition. Lengthy
mission specifications shall be balanced against opportunities
for technology insertion, taking into consideration
commercial-off-the-shelf solutions for national security
items, non-developmental items, and national security
adaptations of commercial items. Acquisition of national
security-unique systems shall not be authorized, in
general, unless suitable and adaptable commercial alternatives
are not available. Such cooperation should be based
on the principles of reciprocity and tangible mutual
benefits and should be pursued in a manner that reasonably
protects and balances U.S. national security and economic
interests.
4.10.4. Science and Technology. Leading-edge technologies
that address identified mission area deficiencies shall
be investigated. Investments for such technology shall
feature a suitable mix of theoretical research and scientific
exploration and applications which support the joint
vision for military operations and other national security
objectives.
4.10.5. Demonstration and Experimentation. Technology
applications that address mission area deficiencies
shall be demonstrated. Such demonstrations shall involve
both the developmental and operational elements of the
DoD Components and shall be pursued to identify the
value of emerging technology to the warfighter and the
national security community.
4.10.6. Research and Development. Commercial systems
and technologies shall be leveraged and exploited whenever
possible. Research and development investments shall
focus on unique national security requirements which
have no known potential, or insufficient potential,
for civil or commercial sector exploitation or which
require protection from disclosure. Forecasts of long-term
needs shall guide investments using sound business criteria
to ensure they have reasonable internal rates of return
compared with alternatives.
4.10.7. Test and Evaluation. Test and evaluation
programs shall be structured to provide essential information
to decision-makers, assess attainment of technical performance
parameters, and determine whether systems are operationally
effective, suitable, and survivable for intended use.
Operational test and evaluation activities shall plan
and conduct operational tests, report results, and provide
evaluations of effectiveness and suitability.
4.10.8. Modeling and Simulation. Models and simulations
shall be used to reduce the time, resources, and risks
of the acquisition process and increase the quality
of the systems being acquired. Space capabilities
and applications shall be integrated into campaign-level
and other models and simulations. Models and simulations
shall focus on demonstrating the military worth and
other value of both friendly and adversary space capabilities
and applications to mission accomplishment.
4.10.9. Sustainment. Production procurement decisions
for space systems shall be based on careful analysis
of the advantages of multi-year procurements and high
order quantity buys against the disadvantage of technology
obsolescence, threat changes, and cost to store and
maintain launch readiness of satellites. For a given
satellite program, such sustainment acquisitions shall
store no more than the number of satellites authorized
for the particular constellation plus adequate attrition
reserves. Production rate decisions shall be based
on retention of critical industrial base and space system
readiness maintenance.
4.10.10. Partnerships with Industry. Partnerships
with industry shall be pursued to research, develop,
acquire, and sustain space systems and associated infrastructure.
4.10.11. Outsourcing and Privatization. Opportunities
to outsource or privatize space and space-related functions
and tasks, which could be performed more efficiently
and effectively by the private sector, shall be investigated
aggressively, consistent with the need to protect national
security and public safety. Clear lines of accountability
to Combatant Commanders shall be demonstrated and documented
in the employment of such resources.
4.10.12. Electromagnetic Spectrum Management. Assured
access to the electromagnetic spectrum is a critical
factor in spacecraft system design, acquisition, and
operations and shall be an important consideration in
the development and procurement of a space system.
Electromagnetic spectrum for space systems, once chosen,
shall be legally authorized for use in accordance with
references (l) and (m) as well as national and applicable
international policies.
4.11. Operations. Space capabilities shall be operated
and employed to: assure access to and use of space;
deter and, if necessary, defend against hostile actions;
ensure that hostile forces cannot prevent U.S. use of
space; ensure the United States' ability to conduct
military and intelligence space and space-related activities;
enhance the operational effectiveness of U.S., allied,
and friendly forces; and counter, when directed, space
systems and services used for hostile purposes.
4.11.1. Integration. Space capabilities and applications
shall be integrated into the strategy, doctrine, concepts
of operations, education, training, exercises, and operations
and contingency plans of U.S. military forces. Space
support to the lowest appropriate level, including the
lowest tactical level, shall be emphasized and optimized
to ensure that all echelons of command understand and
exploit fully the operational advantages which space
systems provide, understand their operational limitations,
and effectively use space capabilities for joint and
combined operations.
4.11.2. Education, Training, and Exercises. Information
about space force structure, missions, capabilities,
and applications shall be incorporated into Professional
Military Education as well as Joint and Service training
and exercises to provide appropriately educated and
trained personnel to all levels of joint and component
military staffs and forces. Space missions and capabilities,
the ability to operate under foreign surveillance or
against an adversary enhanced by space capabilities,
and the ability to compensate for capability loss shall
be integrated into appropriate Joint and Service exercises.
4.11.3. National Guard and Reserve Forces. A total
force approach shall be used in structuring and resourcing
space force capabilities and ensuring interoperability
among active, National Guard, and Reserve forces.
4.11.4. Military Personnel-in-Space. The unique
capabilities that can be derived from the presence of
humans in space may be utilized to the extent feasible
and practical to perform in-space research, development,
testing, and evaluation as well as enhance existing
and future national security space missions. This
may include exploration of military roles for humans
in space focusing on unique or cost-effective contributions
to operational missions.
4.11.5. Space Debris. The creation of space debris
shall be minimized, in accordance with reference (a).
Design and operation of space tests, experiments,
and systems shall strive to minimize or reduce the accumulation
of such debris consistent with mission requirements
and cost effectiveness.
4.11.6. Spacecraft End-of-Life. Spacecraft disposal
at the end of mission life shall be planned for programs
involving on-orbit operations. Spacecraft disposal
shall be accomplished by atmospheric reentry, direct
retrieval, or maneuver to a storage orbit to minimize
or reduce the impact on future space operations.
4.11.7. Spaceflight Safety. All DoD activities to,
in, through, or from space, or aimed above the horizon
with the potential to inadvertently and adversely affect
satellites or humans in space, shall be conducted in
a safe and responsible manner that protects space systems,
their mission effectiveness, and humans in space, consistent
with national security requirements. Such activities
shall be coordinated with U.S. Space Command, as appropriate,
for predictive avoidance or deconfliction with U.S.,
friendly, and other space operations.
4.11.8. Nuclear Power Sources in Space. Space nuclear
reactors shall not be used in Earth orbit without the
approval of the President or his designee, in accordance
with references (a) and (n). Requests for such approval
shall take into account public safety, economic considerations,
treaty obligations, and U.S. national security and foreign
policy interests.
4.12. Intersector Cooperation. Enhanced cooperation
with the intelligence, civil, and commercial space sectors
shall be pursued to ensure that all U.S. space sectors
benefit from the space technologies, facilities, and
support services available to the nation. Such cooperation
shall share or reduce costs, minimize redundant capabilities,
minimize duplication of missions and functions, achieve
efficiencies in acquisition and future operations, improve
support to military operations, and sustain a robust
U.S. space industry and a strong, forward-looking space
technology base. Improvement of the coordination and,
as appropriate, integration of defense and intelligence
space activities shall be a priority. Procedures shall
be established for the timely transfer of DoD-developed
space technology to the private sector consistent with
the need to protect national security, in accordance
with reference (a).
4.13. International Cooperation. International cooperation
and partnerships in space activities shall be pursued
with the United States' allies and friends to the maximum
extent feasible, in accordance with reference (a), Section
104(e) of reference (o) and references (p) through (s).
Such cooperation shall forge closer security ties
with U.S. allies and friends, enhance mutual and collective
defense capabilities, and strengthen U.S. economic security.
It shall also strengthen alliance structures, improve
interoperability between U.S. and allied forces, and
enable them to operate in a combined environment in
a more efficient and effective manner. Such cooperation
shall be based on the principles of reciprocity and
tangible, mutual benefit and shall take into consideration
U.S. equities from a broad foreign policy perspective.
Such cooperation shall be pursued in a manner, which
protects both U.S. national security and economic security
and is consistent with U.S. arms control, nonproliferation,
export control, and foreign policies.
4.14. Intelligence Support. A high priority shall
be placed on the collection, analysis, and timely dissemination
of intelligence information to support space and space-related
policy-making, requirements generation, research, development,
testing, evaluation, acquisition, operations, and employment.
Requirements for such intelligence support shall be
identified, prioritized, and submitted through established
processes to produce timely, useful intelligence products,
in accordance with
reference (t).
4.15. Arms Control and Related Activities. Space
and space-related activities shall comply with applicable
presidential policies as well as applicable domestic
and international law. Space forces planning shall
include the provision of appropriate responses to possible
breakouts from existing arms control treaties and agreements.
The President shall be advised on the military significance
of potential space arms control agreements and other
related measures being considered for international
implementation. Positions and policies regarding arms
control and related activities shall preserve the rights
of the United States to conduct research, development,
testing, and operations in space for military, intelligence,
civil, and commercial purposes, in accordance with reference
(a).
4.16. Nonproliferation and Export Controls. The
Missile Technology Control Regime is the primary tool
of U.S. missile nonproliferation policy, in accordance
with references (a) and (u). Space systems, technology,
and information that could be used in a manner detrimental
to U.S. national security interests shall be protected.
Measures shall be taken to protect technologies, methodologies,
information, and overall system capabilities and vulnerabilities,
which sustain advantages in space capabilities and continued
technological advancements. Measures shall also be
taken to maintain appropriate controls over those technologies,
methodologies, information, and capabilities, which
could be sold or transferred to foreign recipients.
Other countries' practices, U.S. foreign policy objectives,
and encouragement of free and fair trade in commercial
space activities shall be taken into account when considering
whether to enter into space-related agreements.
4.17. Trade in Space Goods and Services. The national
security implications of decisions related to the trade
of U.S.-manufactured space goods and services, as well
as frequency spectrum and landing rights, shall be identified
and assessed. Such decisions shall seek to balance
concerns about the proliferation of critical technologies
and information with national security space applications
and the interests of the U.S. space industry and U.S.
foreign policy.
4.17.1. The commercial value of intellectual property
developed with U.S. Government support shall be protected.
Technology transfers resulting from
international cooperation shall not undermine national
security or industrial competitiveness, in accordance
with reference (a).
4.17.2. Foreign military sales of U.S. space hardware,
software, and related technologies may be used to enhance
security relationships with strategically important
countries subject to overall U.S. Government policy
guidelines.
4.18. Security. Security measures shall be implemented
to protect all classified aspects of space and space-related
activities, in accordance with references (a) and (v)
through (x) and other applicable security directives.
Space missions shall be conducted in a manner intended
to prevent unauthorized knowledge of and use of capabilities
for countering specific missions or systems. The status
and capabilities of on-orbit and terrestrial elements
of the space force structure, deployment and replenishment
strategies, planned, programmed, and operational objectives,
and launch dates shall be classified, as appropriate,
taking into account the value of needed protection for
national security interests as compared with the public
interests that would be served by release of such information.
Technology transfer, including the direct or indirect
sharing of information and resources with foreign governments
or foreign-owned or -controlled contractors, shall be
subject to reference (x) and other relevant security
policies.
4.19. Public Affairs. Public affairs activities
shall be conducted to provide general information to
the public about space and space-related activities
consistent with the need to protect national security
information. Publication of unclassified information
about the contributions of space forces to national
security and other national interests shall be encouraged.
Specific guidance for public affairs release shall
be structured, as necessary, to protect the identity,
mission, and associated operations of classified space
and space-related activities.
5. RESPONSIBILITIES
Consistent with Section 105 of reference (o) and reference
(y):
5.1. The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command,
Control, Communications, and Intelligence (ASD(C3I)),
in accordance with reference (z), shall:
5.1.1. Serve as the principal staff assistant and advisor
to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense and
focal point within the Department of Defense for space
and space-related activities.
5.1.2. Develop, coordinate, and oversee the implementation
of policies regarding space and space-related activities
and, in coordination with the Under Secretary of Defense
for Policy, ensure that space policy decisions are closely
integrated with overall national security policy considerations.
5.1.3. Oversee the development and execution of space
and space-related architectures, acquisition, and technology
programs, in coordination, as appropriate, with the
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology.
5.1.4. Oversee the Director of the National Security
Agency's compliance with this Directive in accordance
with reference (aa).
5.1.5. Oversee the Director of the Defense Intelligence
Agency's compliance with this Directive in accordance
with references (bb) and (cc).
5.1.6. Oversee the Director of the National Reconnaissance
Office's management and execution of the National Reconnaissance
Program to meet the U.S. Government's needs through
the research, development, acquisition, and operation
of spaceborne reconnaissance systems in accordance with
references (dd) and (ee).
5.1.7. Oversee the Director of the National Imagery
and Mapping Agency's compliance with this Directive
in accordance with reference (ff).
5.1.8. Oversee the Director of the Defense Information
Systems Agency's compliance with this Directive in accordance
with reference (gg).
5.1.9. Oversee the National Security Space Architect's
compliance with this Directive in accordance with reference
(hh).
5.2. The Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition
and Technology, in accordance with reference (ii),
shall serve as the Acquisition Executive for space programs
that are designated Major Defense Acquisition Programs
and, in coordination with the ASD(C3I), oversee space
and space-related acquisition and technology programs.
5.3. The Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, in
accordance with reference (jj), shall:
5.3.1. Ensure that space policy decisions are closely
integrated with overall national security policy considerations,
in coordination with the ASD(C3I).
5.3.2. Review all Combatant Commander operations and
contingency plans to ensure proposed employment of space
forces are coordinated and consistent with DoD policy
and the National Military Strategy.
5.4. The Under Secretary of Defense, Comptroller (USD(C))
shall comply with this Directive in accordance with
reference (kk).
5.5. The General Counsel of the Department of Defense
shall provide legal advice and assistance to the Secretary
and Deputy Secretary of Defense, and, as appropriate,
other DoD Components on all aspects of space and space-related
activities, including the application of all applicable
statutes, directives, regulations, and international
agreements, in accordance with reference (ll).
5.6. The Director of Operational Test and Evaluation
shall comply with this Directive in accordance with
reference (mm).
5.7. The Secretaries of the Military Departments shall
comply with this Directive in accordance with reference
(y) as well as integrate space capabilities and applications
into all facets of their Department's strategy, doctrine,
education, training, exercises, and operations of U.S.
military forces.
5.8. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS),
in accordance with reference (y), shall:
5.8.1. Establish a uniform system for evaluating the
readiness of each Combatant Command and Combat Support
Agency to carry out assigned missions by employing space
forces.
5.8.2. Develop joint doctrine for the operation and
employment of space systems of the Armed Forces and
formulate policies for the joint space training of the
Armed Forces and for coordinating the space military
education and training of the members of the Armed Forces.
5.8.3. Integrate space forces and their supporting
industrial base into the Joint Strategic Capabilities
Plan mobilization annex and formulate policies for the
integration of National Guard and Reserve forces into
joint space activities.
5.8.4. Provide guidance to Combatant Commanders for
planning and employment of space capabilities through
the joint planning process.
5.9. The Combatant Commanders shall:
5.9.1. Consider space in the analysis of alternatives
for satisfying mission needs as well as develop and
articulate military requirements for space and space-related
capabilities.
5.9.2. Integrate space capabilities and applications
into contingency and operations plans as well as plan
for the employment of space capabilities within their
Area of Responsibility.
5.9.3. Provide input for evaluations of the preparedness
of their Combatant Command to carry out assigned missions
by employing space capabilities.
5.9.4. Coordinate on Commander in Chief of U.S. Space
Command campaign plans and provide supporting plans
as directed by the CJCS.
5.9.5. Plan for and provide force protection, in coordination
with the Commander in Chief of U.S. Space Command, for
space forces assigned, deployed, and operating in their
Area of Responsibility.
5.9.6. The Commander in Chief of U.S. Space Command,
in accordance with reference (nn), shall:
5.9.6.1. Serve as the single point of contact for military
space operational matters, except as otherwise directed
by the Secretary of Defense.
5.9.6.2. Conduct space operations, including support
of strategic ballistic missile defense for the United
States.
5.9.6.3. Coordinate and conduct space campaign planning
through the joint planning process in support of the
National Military Strategy.
5.9.6.4. Advocate space (including force enhancement,
space control, space support, and force application)
and missile warning requirements of other Combatant
Commanders.
6. EFFECTIVE DATE
This Directive is effective immediately.
Enclosures - 2
E1. References, continued
E2. Definitions
E1. ENCLOSURE 1
REFERENCES, continued
(e) PDD-NSC-63, "Critical Infrastructure Protection,"
May 22, 1998
(f) PDD-NSC-67, "Enduring Constitutional Government
and Continuity of Government Operations (U)," October
21, 1998
(g) DoD Directive 5160.54, "Critical Asset Assurance
Program (CAAP)," January 20, 1998
(h) DoD Directive 3020.26, "Continuity of Operations
Policy and Planning," May 26, 1995
(i) E.O. 12919, "National Defense Industrial Resources
Preparedness," June 6, 1994
(j) E.O. 12656, "Assignment of Emergency Preparedness
Responsibilities," November 18, 1988
(k) DoD Directive 3230.3, "DoD Support for Commercial
Space Launch Activities," October 14, 1986
(l) DoD Directive 4650.1, "Management and Use of
the Radio Frequency Spectrum," June 24, 1987
(m) DoD Directive 3222.3, "Department of Defense Electromagnetic
Compatibility Program," August 20, 1990
(n) National Security Council Memorandum, "Revision
to NSC/PD-25, dated December 14, 1977, entitled Scientific
or Technological Experiments with Possible Large Scale
Adverse Environmental Effects and Launch of Nuclear
Systems into Space," May 17, 1995
(o) National Security Act of 1947, as amended
(p) DoD Directive 2000.9, "International Co-Production
Projects and Agreements Between the United States and
Other Countries or International Organizations," January
23, 1974
(q) PDD-NSC-23, "U.S. Policy on Foreign Access to
Remote Sensing Space Capabilities (U)," March 9, 1994
(r) PDD-NSTC-2, "Convergence of U.S. Polar-Orbiting
Operational Environmental Satellite Systems," May 5,
1994
(s) PDD-NSTC-6, "U.S. Global Positioning System Policy,"
March 28, 1886
(t) DoD Directive 5240.1, "Intelligence Activities,"
April 25, 1988
(u) PDD-NSC-13, "Nonproliferation and Export Controls
(U)," September 27, 1993
(v) E.O. 12958, "Classified National Security Information,"
April 12, 1995
(w) E.O. 12951, "Release of Imagery Acquired by Space-Based
National Intelligence Reconnaissance Systems," February
22, 1995
(x) E.O. 12829, "National Industrial Security Program,"
January 6, 1993
(y) Title 10, United States Code
(z) DoD Directive 5137.1, "Assistant Secretary of
Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence
(ASD(C3I))," February 12, 1992
(aa) DoD Directive 5100.20, "National Security Agency
and the Central Security Service," December 23, 1971
(bb) DoD Directive 5105.21, "Defense Intelligence Agency
(DIA)," February 18, 1997
(cc) DoD Instruction 5105.58, "Management of Measurement
and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)," February 9, 1993
(dd) DoD Directive TS-5105.23, "National Reconnaissance
Office (U)," March 27, 1964
(ee) Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence,
"Agreement for the Reorganization of the National Reconnaissance
Program (U)," August 11, 1965
(ff) DoD Directive 5105.60, "National Imagery and
Mapping Agency," October 11, 1996
(gg) DoD Directive 5105.19, "Defense Information Systems
Agency (DISA)," June 25, 1991
(hh) Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence,
"Memorandum of Understanding for National Security Space
Management," July 1998
(ii) DoD Directive 5134.1, "Under Secretary of Defense
for Acquisition and Technology (USD(A&T))," June 8,
1994
(jj) DoD Directive 5111.1, "Under Secretary of Defense
for Policy," March 22, 1995
(kk) DoD 7000.14-R, "Department of Defense Financial
Regulations, Volume 1: General Financial Management
Information, Systems, and Requirements," January 1999
(ll) DoD Directive 5145.1, "General Counsel of the
Department of Defense," December 15, 1989
(mm) DoD Directive 5141.2, "Director of Operational
Test and Evaluation," April 2, 1984
(nn) Unified Command Plan (U)
E2. ENCLOSURE 2
DEFINITIONS
E2.1.1. Force Application. Combat operations in,
through, and from space to influence the course and
outcome of conflict. The force application mission
area includes: ballistic missile defense and force
projection.
E2.1.2. Force Enhancement. Combat support operations
to improve the effectiveness of military forces as well
as support other intelligence, civil, and commercial
users. The force enhancement mission area includes:
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; tactical
warning and attack assessment; command, control, and
communications; position, velocity, time, and navigation;
and environmental monitoring.
E2.1.3. Space Control. Combat and combat support
operations to ensure freedom of action in space for
the United States and its allies and, when directed,
deny an adversary freedom of action in space. The
space control mission area includes: surveillance
of space; protection of U.S. and friendly space systems;
prevention of an adversary's ability to use space systems
and services for purposes hostile to U.S. national security
interests; negation of space systems and services used
for purposes hostile to U.S. national security interests;
and directly supporting battle management, command,
control, communications, and intelligence.
E2.1.4. Space Forces. The space and terrestrial
systems, equipment, facilities, organizations, and personnel
necessary to access, use, and, if directed, control
space for national security.
E2.1.5. Space Power. The total strength of a nation's
capabilities to conduct and influence activities to,
in, through, and from the space medium to achieve its
objectives.
E2.1.6. Space Superiority. The degree of dominance
in space of one force over another, which permits the
conduct of operations by the former and its related
land, sea, air, and space forces at a given time and
place without prohibitive interference by the opposing
force.
E2.1.7. Space Support. Combat service support operations
to deploy and sustain military and intelligence systems
in space. The space support mission area includes
launching and deploying space vehicles, maintaining
and sustaining spacecraft on-orbit, and deorbiting and
recovering space vehicles, if required.
E2.1.8. Space Systems. All of the devices and organizations
forming the space network. These consist of: spacecraft;
mission package(s); ground stations; data links among
spacecraft, ground stations, mission or user terminals,
which may include initial reception, processing, and
exploitation; launch systems; and directly related supporting
infrastructure, including space surveillance and battle
management/command, control, communications, and computers.
Defense Department Space Policy