COST (In Millions)	FY1995	FY1996	FY1997	FY1998	FY1999	FY2000	FY2001	Cost to Complete	Total Cost
Total Program Element (PE) Cost	235.674	212.043	209.235	237.312	247.257	255.472	261.543	Continuing	Continuing
Project Name/No. and Subtotal Cost URI - P103	235.674	212.043	209.235	237.312	247.257	255.472	261.543	Continuing	Continuing

(U) A. Mission Description and Budget Item Justification

(U) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENT: The University Research Initiative (URI) provides new knowledge and understanding for the future development of advanced military systems; improves the quality of defense research performed at universities; and educates scientists and engineers in disciplines critical to defense needs. URI's main thrust is multidisciplinary research. For questions suited to it, the multidisciplinary approach can accelerate research progress and transition of results to application. A non-multidisciplinary URI Support Program (URISP) broadens URI participation to further build national infrastructure for research and education in defense-critical fields. URI includes the Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP), which allows researchers to purchase more costly items of research equipment than can be bought under single-investigator awards. URI also supports "people programs:" young faculty awards; and fellowships and research traineeships, to encourage U.S. citizens to pursue graduate study in science and engineering. URI research areas include: electronics; fluid dynamics; biotechnology; materials; electro-optics; manufacturing-related research; and environmental science.

(U) URI's assignment to Budget Activity 1, Basic Research, is justified because URI provides new knowledge and understanding for future development of advanced military systems; improves the quality of defense research done at universities; and educates scientists and engineers in defense-critical disciplines.

(U) PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PLANS:

(U) FY 1995 Accomplishments:

* The Services, ARPA, and Innovative Science and Technology Office of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) conducted competitions for new starts and continued to execute multiyear efforts begun in prior years in portions of URI whose principal purpose is to:

• Provide knowledge and understanding for defense needs. This included a competition for a new round of multidisciplinary efforts, to help reestablish URI's emphasis on this research approach, as well as leveraging of Focused Research Initiative (FRI) funding of university-led multidisciplinary efforts of mutual interest to URI and FRI. Young investigator programs also continued, with new competitive awards. ($84 million)
  
• Foster science and engineering (S&E) education in areas important to defense. These research-related educational activities complement educational contributions of research described in the previous paragraph. FY 1995 competitions were conducted for graduate fellowships and for research traineeships under the Augmentation Awards for Science and Engineering Research Training (AASERT) program. Funding was provided for computer-assisted education (CAE) and the DoD Dependent Schools Director's Fund (DoDDS). ($90 million)
  
• Build and broaden the base of infrastructure needed for universities to conduct defense research and related, S&E education. These activities complement infrastructure-building aspects of research and related educational activities described above. The Services, ARPA, and BMDO conducted a FY 1995 DURIP competition and a FY 1995-1996 competition under the URI Support Program (URISP), which is phasing in to replace the Research Initiation Program. Efforts begun in prior years under the Research Initiation Program continued. In accordance with Congressional authorizations and appropriations, a competition was conducted for the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR). ($62 million)

* Technical accomplishments included:

• University of Illinois scientists developed a way to etch atomic-sized features in silicon wafers. The 10-Angstrom feature size is about 25 times smaller than was possible with previous laboratory methods and 100 times smaller than lithographic techniques currently used in industry. The method uses a single layer of hydrogen atoms, rather than the usual organic resist, to passivate the silicon surface. The researchers removed individual hydrogen atoms with electrons emitted from a scanning tunneling microscope and clarified that the physical mechanism responsible for removing the atoms depended on electron energies. That allowed them to tailor the process to create small features. Experiments are underway to create metallic features of similar size on silicon surfaces, as needed for a complete process to produce smaller and faster electronic devices for military applications.
  
• Researchers at Brown and Purdue Universities demonstrated the first continuous-wave, blue-laser operation (460 nanometer wavelength) at output powers in excess of a milliwatt in a semiconductor at room temperature. The devices are based on quantum confinement in zinc selenide grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Follow-on efforts to this proof-of-concept demonstration will seek to increase the devices' lifetime, to generate short-wavelength laser sources for military applications such as high-density, optical storage; biological and chemical sensing; and lightweight countermeasures.
  
• A URI program at the University of California at Los Angeles and the California Institute of Technology found how drag in turbulent boundary layers could be significantly reduced, using microfabricated, electromechanical systems (MEMS). The MEMS used neural-network architectures of very-large-scale, integrated (VLSI) circuits. Arrays of shear-stress sensors and microflap actuators were successfully fabricated, allowing the first simultaneous measurements of distributed, turbulent skin-friction patterns. Fluid dynamic computations indicate that these adaptive, sensor-actuator networks can detect localized regions of high shear stress and control the flow to reduce drag. Wind tunnel studies show that the flaps can modify streamwise vortex flows, experimentally demonstrating the feasibility of using the actuators to reduce surface shear stress. This is a significant breakthrough with the potential for increasing maneuverability and aerodynamic efficiency of military aircraft, thereby also yielding fuel savings and increased range.
  
• Scientists at Case Western Reserve University, the University of Washington, and Princeton University developed an advanced dielectric material that increases the energy density that can be stored in high-energy capacitors. The advance is based on a new process to synthesize barium titanate crystals of 50-nanometer grain size embedded in a polymer matrix. It is a biomimetic process that mimics the way that a marine organism creates a strong, tough composite shell by water-based, inorganic deposition of calcium carbonate within an organic scaffolding--in this case, the polymer acts as the scaffold to support the barium titanate nanocrystals. The process has been transitioned to a commercial firm that is exploiting this breakthrough for high-energy storage devices that are important for military applications such as high-energy lasers or igniters and sustainers for chemical guns.

(U) FY 1996 Plans: The Services, ARPA, and BMDO will continue to execute:

• Multidisciplinary and young-investigator efforts. Programs begun in prior years will continue, with new competitive awards. ($123 million)
  
• Research-related, educational activities. FY 1996 competitions will be conducted for graduate fellowships and for research traineeships under AASERT. ($41 million)
  
• Research-related, infrastructure programs. The Services, ARPA, and BMDO will conduct competitions under the DURIP and URI Support Program (URISP). ($48 million)

(U) FY 1997 Plans: The Services, ARPA, and BMDO will continue:

• Multidisciplinary and young-investigator programs begun in prior years, with new competitive awards. ($100 million)
  
• Research-related, educational activities, with FY 1996 competitions planned for fellowships and the AASERT program. ($58 million)
  
• Research-related, infrastructure-building activities, with FY 1996 competitions for DURIP and URISP. ($51 million)

(U) B. Program Change Summary		FY 1995	FY 1996	FY 1997	Total Cost
Previous President's Budget		249.734	236.165	247.047	Continuing
Appropriated Value		253.326	231.165
Adjustments to Appropriated Value
a. Congressionally-directed undistributed reduction		(17.652)	(19.122)
b. Below-threshold reprogramming
c. Program/budget adjustments				(37.812)
Current President's Budget		235.674	212.043	209.235	Continuing

(U) Change Summary Explanation:

(U) Funding: FY 1995 and FY 1996 changes represent this program's share of Congressional undistributed reductions. FY 1997 funding changes are due to budgetary adjustments.

(U) Schedule: Not Applicable

(U) Technical: Not Applicable

(U) C. Other Program Funding Summary Cost Not Applicable

(U) D. Schedule Profile Not Applicable