FM 44-100-2 AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY REFERENCE HANDBOOK
FINAL DRAFT - 31 March 2000

• Air Defense Brigade Tactical Operations Center
• Air and Missile Defense Planning and Control System (AMDPCS)

1. The brigade TOC consists of six shelters each mounted on a high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV) with an operations center work area (OCWA) covered by tentage. The six shelters are the jump tactical operations center (JTOC), the fire distribution center (FDC), the communications van (COMM Van), the S2/S3 current operations van (COPS Van), the S2/S3 future operations van (FOPS Van), and the S1/S4 staff van. Each shelter has a specific function. All six shelters are rigid wall shelter (RWS), standardized integrated command post systems (SICPS). The vehicles and tentage will be situated as necessary to meet terrain and operational requirements (figure 5-1 and 5-2).

System Description

Operations Center Work Area (OCWA)

2. The ADA Brigade commander exercises command and control of the assets at his disposal from the OCWA. The Commander has non-secure voice communications with the TOC staff via the intercommunication system capability of the digital small switch (DSS-1) and secure voice communications with other units. TOC system displays can be viewed on the OCWA large screen display. The BDE staff can plan, monitor, and control the conduct of theater air defense operations using the remote Tactical Planner monitor and keyboard in the OCWA. The S1/S4 staff and BMMO have two notebook computers connected to a LAN to assist in executing the functions of the TOC.



Figure 5-1. Brigade TOC configuration



Figure 5-2. Interior of Brigade TOC (OCWA)

Jump Tactical Operations Center (JTOC)

3. The JTOC element is a standalone operations center which monitors airspace management and operations, conducts the IPB for air defense situation awareness, and displays the common integrated air situation to the other ADA TOC and friendly force elements. Typical uses for the JTOC include moving to a new location and establishing TOC functions prior to the relocation of the brigade TOC, and as a functional back-up for the TOC FDC in emergency situations (e.g., FDC power failure). These functions are accomplished with the use of computers and communications equipment mounted in the JTOC shelter. The JTOC shelter is a modified RWS SICPS mounted on a M1097 HMMWV (Heavy Variant). It houses two system operators and contains the ADSI Workstation, a Tactical Planner/SHORAD workstation, and communications and support equipment.

Fire Direction Center (FDC)

4. The FDC monitors airspace management and operations, conducts the IPB for air defense situation awareness, and displays the common integrated air situation to the other ADA TOCs and friendly force elements. These functions are accomplished with the use of computers and communications equipment mounted in the FDC shelter. The FDC shelter is a modified RWS SICPS mounted on a HMMWV. The FDC shelter houses two system operators and contains an ADSI workstation, ADSI remote display processor (ADSI RDP) workstation, a COMM Rack, and support equipment.

COMM Van

5. The COMM van supports communications requirements for the BTOC elements. This is accomplished using computers and communications equipment. The COMM van is a modified RWS SICPS mounted on a HMMWV. It houses one system operator/maintainer and three COMM stations (forward, roadside, and curbside) containing communications and support equipment. In addition, the roadside COMM station houses a SHORAD processor. The COMM stations support multiple TOC functions using different communications and computer systems.

S2/S3 Current Operations (COPS) Van

6. The TOC S2/S3 COPS element conducts IPB for preemptive strikes/planning, identifies potential launch sites, monitors engagement operations, and plans air defense missions. These functions are accomplished with the use of computers and communications equipment mounted in the COPS shelter. The COPS shelter is a modified RWS SICPS mounted on an M1097 HMMWV, heavy variant. It houses two system operators and contains the TP workstation, the Warrior workstation, a COMM rack, and miscellaneous communications and support equipment.

S2/S3 Future Operations (FOPS) Van

7. The TOC S2/S3 FOPS element performs operations and intelligence functions for preemptive strikes/planning, identifies potential launch sites, monitors engagement operations, and plans air defense missions. The TP provides a defense awareness and defense planning capability. The All Source Analysis System (ASAS) provides the intelligence planning functions and interfaces with corps G2. The Contingency Theater Automated Planning System (CTAPS) automates the process of creating theater air tasking orders, which coordinate theater airlift support and tactical mission schedules.
8. The brigade TOC S1/S4 staff element performs administrative and logistics functions. The TP automates these staff functions using computers and communications equipment mounted in the S1/S4 staff shelter. The staff shelter is a modified RWS SICPS mounted on an M1097 HMMWV, heavy variant. It supports a system operator and contains one TP workstation, one TP equipment station, and miscellaneous communications and support equipment.

brigade TOC System Overview

9. The two primary functions of the TOC are to plan the defense and counter the enemy's air breathing threat. In addition, it has a role in countering the enemy TBM threat. The TOC uses battlefield functional area software systems that were developed for division and below maneuvering forces:

1. While the FDC monitors the defense operations against a threat in progress, it is the function of the S2/S3 COPS element to transmit alerts/threats to the forces. Monitoring TOC systems, the S2/S3 COPS operators determine impact points and transmit alerts/warnings via voice radio or flash message over AGCCS wide area network (WAN). Table 5-1 shows a compilation of the brigade TOC operations.

Table 5-1. Brigade TOC Operations

o Monitor Airspace Management and Operations

- Display air defense /TMD unit locations and coverage's

- Display airspace management

- Receive and display air picture from multiple sources

- Receive TBM launch information from joint force or corps commander

o Conduct intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) for air defense situation

- Display enemy unit locations and likely avenues of approach, potential TBM launch sites, etc.

- Establish priorities and assess defense effectiveness

- Use intelligence for preemptive strikes/planning

o Display Common Integrated Air Situation

- Provide near real-time air situation for ABTs and TBMs

o Pass Engagement Orders to Patriot Battalions and/or other Air Defense Shooters

o Monitor Engagement Operations

o Support Scheme of Maneuver Development

- Using IPB, imagery, and air defense situation display, determine friendly areas not protected, partially protected, or fully protected.

- Pass via MSE link those areas to the battle planners

o Monitor and Display Friendly Ground Situation

o Warn Friendly Forces

o Record and Display ABT and TBM track history

o Reduce Sensor-to-Shooter Time Line

o Assess Inputs from National Intelligence Assets

o Display Selected Enemy Order-of-Battle (OB)/Fuse Display relevant to Intelligence

o Record and Display ADTOC Operations

Communications/Navigation Equipment

1. The brigade TOC contains numerous communications and navigation systems to support the air defense mission. An AN/PSN-11 Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver provides navigation position data.
2. Voice radio communications are supported by Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) very high frequency (VHF), AN/PSC-7 ultra high frequency (UHF) satellite communications (SATCOM), AN/GRC-193 high frequency (HF), and AN/ARC-187 UHF equipment.
3. Land line voice, data, facsimile (FAX), and Teletype (TTY) communications are supported by TA-1035A/U Digital Non-secure Voice Terminal (DNVT), TSEC/KY-68 Digital Secure Voice Terminal (DSVT), secure telephone unit (STU) III, TS 31 FAX, AN/UGC-144 Communications Terminal, and DSS-1 32-Channel Intercommunications (INTERCOM) equipment.
4. Sensor data communications are provided by:

Figure 5-3. Air Defense TOC (AMDPCS)

1. AMDPCS is an automated planning and control system that provides interoperability between Air Defense, Army, Joint, and Coalition forces. It is a standardized element of ADA Tactical Operation Centers.
2. The AMD brigade and AAMDC TOCs are standardized with common hardware (vehicles, shelters, communications, and computers) (figure 5-3, 5-4). The AMDWS integrates FAAD C2, Patriot, THAAD, and MEADS force operations (FO) software products (defense planning, staff functions) to provide common AMD workstations for all echelons of command. The AMD brigade fire control and monitoring capability is achieved by integrating the AMDWS with the Air Defense System Integrator (ADSI) and the Joint Tactical Information Distribution (JTIDS) radio.

air and missile defense workstation (amdws)

3. The AMDWS is the digitized tool for monitoring and managing AMD operations. It allows integration of the air and missile defense plan with the ground scheme of maneuver. The Air and Missile Defense Workstation receives air situational information from the Air Defense System Integrator (ADSI). Ground situation and intelligence information are received from the Maneuver Control System (MCS), All Source Analysis System (ASAS) remote workstation and other sources. The AMDWS maintains a comprehensive database of the tactical situation and also has mission-planning capabilities that can provide overlays of sensor and weapons coverage, airspace control measures, threat locations and planned unit positions. Air and Missile Defense Workstations are integrated into air defense command and control systems at all echelons.

maneuver control system (MCS)

4. A digitized system that provides a common picture of the battlespace to commanders from battalion to corps level. The MCS databases maintain and display tactical information on friendly and enemy forces in both text and graphic formats. Commanders can use the MCS decision support graphics (map overlays and battle resources by unit) to analyze possible courses of action and determine the best course of action. Through MCS, the commander can transmit battlefield information such as mission information, courses of action, schemes of maneuver, warning and operations orders, changes in priorities, intelligence data, and air operations requests. MCS assists the commander in applying combat power at the appropriate time and place in response to changing battlefield situations.

Figure 5-4. AAMDC TOC (AMDPCS) Layout

All source analysis system (ASAS)

5. ASAS is a mobile, digitized intelligence processing and dissemination system. It functions as an intelligence early warning (IEW) subsystem for command and control systems. ASAS produces ground battle situation displays, disseminates intelligence data, provides target nominations, assists in providing operations security support, and aids in deception and counterintelligence operations. ASAS is deployed from theater to battalion levels.

PATRIOT MASTER ICC (MICC)

6. The Patriot Information and Coordination Central has the capability to function as a master ICC fire distribution element. Major features of a MICC include:

1. The FAAD C³I system provides automated engagement operations (EO) and force operations (FO) capabilities at the SHORAD battalion. EO capabilities include real-time early warning and target cueing information to SHORAD weapon systems, friendly aircraft identification, and air-battle management. FO capabilities include automated mission planning, automated staff planning, and interoperability with other command systems. FAAD C2I effectively utilizes joint and combined operations by processing air picture information from USAF E-3 (AWACS), USN E-2C (Hawkeye), and TADIL-B HIMAD sources such as Patriot.

Figure 5-5. FAAD C3I Command Post
2. The components of the FAAD C³I system include:

• Air Battle Management Operations Center (ABMOC) that monitors and controls the air defense tactical operations for the battalion.
• Army Airspace Command and Control (A²C²) system that provides division TOC liaison.
• Sensor/Command and Control (Sensor/C²) system that processes and disseminates track data to firing batteries.
• The Sentinel radar that provides early warning and system cueing information. This is the primary intelligence component.
• Simplified Handheld Terminal Unit (SHTU) or Handheld Terminal Unit (HTU) with the battery command posts and weapon systems.

1. The ABMOC and A2C2 systems utilize the Army Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS) shelter with HMMWV. SINCGARS and EPLRS radios, Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE), and the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) terminal provide communications (voice and data) (figure 5-5).

FAAD C³I provides command and control to Avenger, MANPADS Stinger, Bradley Stinger Fighting Vehicle (BSFV), and Linebacker weapon systems and the Sentinel and LSDIS sensor systems (figure 5-6). FAAD C3I provides:

• A composite air picture to SHORAD weapon systems from Air and Missile Defense (AMD) sources
• Distributed threat and air battle information to the supported force
• Reduced fratricide
• Netted organic sensors (Sentinel, LSDIS)

Figure 5-6. FAAD C3I System

COMMAND AND CONTROL

1. The heart of command and control (C²) is the process of acquiring information, assessing how this information affects current activities, determining a course of action, and directing the implementation of these decisions. The intelligence component provides input to each C² echelon on the hostile and neutral aspects of the battlefield environment.
2. The Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence (C³I) network will allow each ADA CP and weapon system to receive:

• Target location
• Target identification
• Target classification
• Air Defense Warning (ADW) and Weapon Control Status (WCS) updates

COMMUNICATIONS

1. Communications and intelligence provide the means to perform the C² process effectively and in a timely manner. The communications system provides the network to transfer information, orders, instruction data, and intelligence between and within echelons of command. AD commanders must continuously update and coordinate their operations through the integration of communications. Characteristics of FAAD C3I communications are:

• Long-range
• Mobile
• Netted sensors with air battle management operations center (ABMOC) and ADA C² subsystems
• Netted integration (EPLRS only)
• Jam resistant
• Secure high-speed data distribution
• Secure voice communications subsystems

1. Major components are the SINCGARS radios, mobile subscriber equipment (MSE), Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS), and the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS).

Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System

2. SINCGARS radios are used for both secure voice and digital data in the FAAD C²I equipped SHORAD Battalions. SINCGARS operates in the 30 to 88 MHz frequency range, in 25 kHz steps for a total of 2,320 channels. It can operate in either a single channel or frequency-hopping mode.
3. Radio set AN/VRC-87. A short-range, vehicle-mounted radio set with a solid-state, securable transceiver intended for very high frequency-frequency modulation (VHF-FM) tactical operations. The VRC-87 is used where the communications range is normally 10 km or less. The VRC-87 cannot be used in a dismounted role. Replaces the VRC-64 radio (figure 5-7).

Figure 5-7. SINCGARS AN/VRC 87/88
4. Radio set AN/VRC-88. The VRC-88 has a 10-km range and may be operated while mounted in a vehicle or in a dismounted (manpack) configuration. It replaces the AN/GRC-160 radio (figure 5-7).
5. Radio set AN/PRC-119. Radio set AN/VRC-88 may be removed from the vehicle, and by installing the antenna and battery case, can be reconfigured as an AN/PRC-119 manpack radio.
6. Radio set AN/VRC-89. A vehicle-mounted, dual configuration set of radios that consists of one short-range and one long-range, solid-state, securable transceiver. It is intended for very high frequency-frequency modulation (VHF-FM) tactical operations. The VRC-89 provides long-range (up to 40 km) and short-range (up to 10 km) operation in two nets, simultaneously. It replaces existing VRC-47 configurations, as well as separate configurations of VRC-64 or VRC-46 in a single vehicle. The VRC-89 has an added power amplifier that provides one of the radio sets with a long-range communication (figure 5-8).

Figure 5-8. SINCGARS AN/VRC-89 & 91
7. Radio set AN/VRC-9O. A long-range, vehicle-mounted radio set with a securable transceiver intended for VHF-FM tactical operation. The VRC-90 is used where the communication range must normally operate over long distances (up to 40 km) (figure 5-9).

Figure 5-9. SINCGARS AN/VRC-90
8. Radio set AN/VRC-9l. Vehicle-mounted, dual configuration set that consists of one long-range and one short-range radio for VHF-FM tactical operations. VRC-9l provides long-range (up to 40 km); and short-range, (up to 8 km) operations in two nets simultaneously. The short-range radio can be manpack configured. The VRC-9l combines the features of a VRC-88 and VRC-9O into a single vehicle installation.
9. Radio set AN/VRC-92. Vehicle-mounted, dual configuration set that consists of two long-range transceivers intended for VHF-FM tactical operations. The VRC-92 also has an automatic retransmission capability. The VRC-92 is used to meet dual, long-range (up to 40 km) communications requirements. The VRC-92 is also used for VHF retransmissions operations. It is a VRC-89 with an additional power amplifier mount to provide communications range up to 40 km to the second radio system.

Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE)

10. MSE is a common-user, switched communications system of linked switching nodes. The nodes form a grid that provides the force with an area common-user communications system. MSE is digital, secure, and flexible. It contains features that compensate for link or functional equipment outages, overload in traffic, and rapid movement of users. FAAD C²I uses Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) to share TADIL-B track data with HIMAD battalions and adjacent SHORAD battalions, as well as interface with other Army Battle Command System elements.

Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS)

11. Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS) radios are used for secure digital data communications. The EPLRS network supports timely air track broadcast, two-way command and control, communication need-line allocation and sensor netting. EPLRS resists jamming by waveform design and signal processing techniques, relatively high values of effective radiated power, automatic network reconfiguration and path redundancy.

The EPLRS user unit configured as a man-pack is shown in Figure 5-10. The same basic unit is used in all configurations, but the battery box is replaced with a selectable power adapter for vehicles. See Table 5-2 for characteristics.


Figure 5-10. Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS)

Table 5-2. EPLRS Characteristics
Power Requirements	28 volts DC, 14 watts
Operating Frequency	UFH, 420 to 450 MHz
EPUU weight	24 pounds (10.9 KG) (includes battery box with one battery)
EPUU dimensions	Height: 5.1 inches (12.95 cm, Width: 10.2 inches (25.41 cm), Depth: 4.7 inches (37.34 cm)
System Architecture	Synchronous time division multiple access. Frequency and code division multiplexed
Network Management	Automatic central resource relay assignment and maintenance
Typical System Size	250 terminals and 1 NCS per brigade area, with potential of up to 460 termination’s
Electronic Countermeasures	Spread spectrum, frequency hopping, error detection and correction, automatic rerouting, power control
Security	Embedded cryptographic capability; dual level communications security (Confidential and Secret), over-the-air rekey of cryptographic codes
Terminal Data Rates	Multiple circuits with selectable individual needline rates up to 1200 BPS; Simplex and 600 BPS duplex; total terminal data rates to 2500 BPS
Communications Performance	More than 90% needlines satisfied, speeds of service as fast as two seconds
Navigation Aids and Services	Over 20 services, positions, navigation, zone alerts, corridor/lane guidance, friendly identification, time, etc.
Typical Position Accuracy	15 Meters circular error probable

Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS)

1. JTIDS is a jam resistant, secure data and voice communications system used for command, control, and identification (figure 5-11). Tactically it is used to support the following:

Figure 5-12. LSDIS Radar Antenna and Receiver-Transmitter Assembly

1. The LSDIS platoon normally operates in general support to the division in defensive situations. LSDIS will be positioned and coordinated by the LSDIS platoon leader under the staff supervision of the ADA battalion S2/S3.
2. Pairs of LSDIS may be allocated to the battery supporting the main attack in offensive situations. If more than one battery is supporting the brigade making the main attack, the ADA battalion may control the LSDIS movement.

SENTINEL

3. The Sentinel is an ADA battalion asset organic to heavy divisions and displaces LSDIS in light and special divisions. Sentinel is designed to operate in all types of weather, severe ECM environments and survive anti-radiation missile (ARM) attacks. The mission of the Sentinel is to alert and or cue Avenger, the Bradley Linebacker, the Bradley Stinger Fighting Vehicle, and dismounted MANPADS Stinger teams of hostile and unknown aircraft (FW and RW), cruise missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). It also protects friendly forces from fratricide and provides air situational data to command and control centers (figure 5-14).

Figure 5-14. Sentinel System
4. Sentinel track data is broadcast to SHORAD weapons and Command Posts through the FAAD C² system or, in the event a sensor node is not available, directly to the fire units over EPLRS or SINCGARS. The method of transmission is operator-selectable from the RCT during initialization.
5. The Sentinel system consists of an Antenna-Transceiver Group (ATG) mounted on a high-mobility trailer, and a HMMWV Group consisting of a M1097A1 HMMWV, a MEP-813A 10 kW 400 Hz generator, power conditioning equipment and communications equipment. The system is march-ordered and emplaced by two soldiers and operated by a single soldier. It incorporates automatic fault detection and built in test equipment (BITE). The Sentinel is transportable by aircraft (to include helicopters), rail, or ship.

Sentinel Radar

6. The Sentinel radar is a mobile, compact, modular, multifunction, phased-array radar. It consists of a radar antenna unit mounted on top of the transceiver unit. The radar antenna unit also includes an IFF interrogator, an IFF antenna, and an auxiliary ECCM antenna mounted on a single pedestal that rotates during operation. The antenna unit is lowered by hand crank to the stowed position for road march (figure 5-14).

TABLE 5-4. SENTINEL RADAR UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
DIMENSIONS
Height Antenna erected Antenna stowed Width (mirrors folded) Length Length (w HMMWV) Weight Weight (w HMMWV)	131.7 in 94.8 in 85 in 167.26 in 312 in 3,740 lb. 13,740 lb.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Temperature Operating Non-operating Altitude Operating Non-operating Wind Operating Non-operating Rain	-50 to 125° F (-46 to 52° C) -70 to 160° F (-57 to 71° C) Up to 10,000 ft Up to 50,000 ft 52 MPH with gusts to 75 MPH 65 MPH with gusts to 100 MPH 5 in per hour with winds to 52 MPH
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
Voltage Power		208 VAC + 10% 3-phase 120 VAC + 10% 10 kilowatt, 400 hertz
MOBILITY
Transport Speeds Level Highway Graded Gravel Road Cross country terrain Grades Side Slope Longitudinal Slope Fording 2 Soldiers	40 MPH 30 MPH 8 MPH 20 Percent 32 Percent Water up to 30 inches deep March Order 10 minutes or less Emplace 15 minutes or less
MANPRINT
Remote Control Unit (RCU) Maintenance/Training	Remote up to 200 meters Provides Built-in-Test (BIT) and embedded Troop Proficiency Trainer (TPT)

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TABLE 5-5. SENTINEL RADAR OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
RADAR SEARCH
Elevation Azimuth Search Perimeter	20° to 25° scan, selectable between -15° and +55° 360° CW or CCW scan > 40 km
RADAR TRACK
Elevation Azimuth Beam Width Track Perimeter	-10 through +55° 360° CW or CCW scan 2 x 2° pencil beam 40 km instrumented range
RADAR REPORT
Target Track	Azimuth, elevation, and heading in degrees or mils Range in miles or kilometers Altitude in feet or meters Velocity in feet per second or meters per second
Target Discrimination	Fixed wing or helicopter Unknown, designated unknown, or known/friendly
Jammer Discrimination	Azimuth and elevation in degrees or mils
Report Reference	Respective to DLRP or site MGRS/MSL coordinates
Report Capabilities	FAAD C2I Data Link: track report, IFF/SIF report, and ECM intercept messages
	EPLRS Radio Link: Track report messages
	SINCGARS Radio Link: Track report messages
RADAR TYPE TARGET TYPE
X Band 3-dimensional Pencil Beam Range-gated, Pulse Doppler 30 RPM rotation (2-second update)		Fixed Wing Rotary Wing Cruise Missile/UAV
SURVEILLANCE
360 Degree Surveillance Volume Range Altitude		40 kilometer (software instrumented) 0-4 kilometer; -10 degrees to +55 degrees
FAAD DATA LINK INTERFACES
SINCGARS VRC-92A Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS) PJHI Hardwire to C2
ECCM
Extremely Low Sidelobes Wide Band Frequency Agile Sector Blank			Track on jam strobe Variable Pulse Repetition Rate (PRF)
IFF
Modes Range Beam width	1, 2, 3A, and 4 >72 km 18° Azimuth, 40° Elevation

Remote Control Terminal

1. The Remote Control Terminal (RCT) is a display and control input device used with the Sentinel radar. It is a rugged, compact minicomputer with graphic display screen and multifunction control input keyboard. The Sentinel operator controls the operation of the radar with the keyboard.
2. The RCT provides a real-time tactical air picture on a graphic display screen at remote locations. Sentinel radar target tracks are displayed to the operator in target symbology and the following data:

1. If the Sentinel C ² node becomes non-operational then the sensor unit can go into the Continue Operations mode. In this mode of operation, track data may be passed directly to the fire units by using the radios on the HMMWV.
2. Tactical situations determine the type of employment selected for Sentinel assets. However, centralized control of Sentinel assets provides an integrated early warning (EW) network throughout the SHORAD battalion's AO.

JOINT TACTICAL GROUND STATION (JTAGS)

3. JTAGS is an autonomous, transportable ground system that acquires data from the Defense Support Program (DSP) satellite constellation, processes this data, and provides near-real-time warning, alerting and cueing information on TBMs and other IR events. Functional TMD components use this data for active defense, passive defense, attack operations, and battle management and command, control, communication, and computers (BM/C4). JTAGS uses in-place theater networks to distribute launch point and time, predicted ground impact point and time, and state vector to support TMD operations.

Major Subsystems

4. JTAGS is made up of seven major subsystems: