FM 44-100 US ARMY AIR DEFENSE OPERATIONS 15 June 1995

APPENDIX B

ARMY AIR DEFENSE PLANNING

This appendix describes planning for air defense operations. Battle command and staff procedures contained in FM 101-5 are the basis for ADA procedures. This chapter highlights the specific requirements of the AD estimate and annex. The estimate process assists the force commander in decision making. The ADA commander, as ADCOORD, prepares the air defense estimate. Planning begins with the receipt of a warning order. After the force commander approves a course of action, a warning order is sent out and the air defense planning process continues. The end result of this process is the air defense annex detailing air defense support for the concept of the operation.

Estimates are evaluations of how factors in each field of interest will influence the courses of action the commander considers. Although the estimate of the situation lies first and foremost in the commander's mind, staff estimates help the commander determine feasible, suitable, and acceptable courses of action. Staff estimates help the commander gather, update, analyze, evaluate, and validate critical facts, assumptions, and events. The estimate also allows the commander to formulate conclusions based on each staff's estimate.

Estimates provide the basis for logically and analytically developing solutions to situations (both in planning future operations and fighting current operations). The staff recommends how the commander can employ the command's available assets. The commander uses this information to reach decisions.

Once a mission is received, the estimate process begins. The ADA commander develops the air defense estimate in concert with the force S3 or G3. The ADA commander uses the IPB furnished by the force S2 or G2. Then, the ADA commander gathers and analyzes facts and makes assumptions. He will use these facts and assumptions to develop logical courses of action. The commander then chooses the course of action that best supports the mission. After the force commander selects a course of action, the air defense planning process continues. The result of this process is the air defense annex detailing air defense support for the concept of the operation.

The air defense estimate follows the basic staff estimate format. The air defense estimate provides information regarding the air defense supportability of proposed courses of action. It also provides recommended air defense priorities and an air defense scheme of maneuver. This information forms a basis for the air defense plan and is presented in the air defense annex. The estimate must be constantly reevaluated to keep it current. The factors of METT-T, OCOKA, and other considerations guide the ADA commander and staff during the estimate and subsequent planning. The degree of detail presented in the estimate depends on the planning time available. However, all elements of the estimate must be considered to make valid recommendations. The Air Defense Estimate Situation Overview illustration shows the relationship among troop-leading procedures, decision making, estimate of the situation, and IPB. The Estimate of the Air Defense Situation illustration shows a supporting commander's or operations estimate. The commander's or operations estimate formats provided in FM 101-5 may also be used.

Headquarters
Place
Date, time, and zone
Message reference number

AIR DEFENSE ESTIMATE NUMBER____

References: Maps, charts, or other documents.
Time Zone Used Throughout the Estimate:

1. MISSION

When the estimate's purpose is to support the force level commander's operation, use the force level commander's mission statement. As the commander or operations officer, use the unit's mission statement when the estimate's purpose is to determine which course of action best accomplishes the support mission.

AIR DEFENSE ESTIMATE NUMBER____

2. THE SITUATION AND COURSES OF ACTION

This paragraph describes the conditions under which the unit will perform its mission and the possible courses of action of the supported force.

a. Considerations affecting possible courses of action. For this paragraph, determine those factors of the situation which influence friendly and enemy actions and which, therefore, may influence the choice of a course of action. In the absence of facts, use logical assumptions that might directly affect the mission.
(1) Operations to be supported. A brief description of the operation to be supported includes composition and strengths of possible supported forces, peculiar or unusual mission requirements, and any other factors that affect the scope of the supported unit mission.

(2) Characteristics of the area of operations. This paragraph includes analysis of the effects of pertinent characteristics on conducting air defense operations. Consider the following:

(a) Weather. Put the analysis of data from predicted weather and light conditions for the period In this paragraph. Assess how the weather affects friendly operations. Also include the evaluation of how weather and light conditions might affect the use of enemy UAVs; missiles; aircran, both fixedand rotarywing aircraft; and airborne or air assault operations. Try to determine or predict when the enemy will probably use those assets due to the weather.

(b) Terrain. Analyze the effects of terrain, including effects on observation and fire; cover and concealment; movement (surface and air); employment of friendly and enemy NBC weapons; communications, electronic warfare and combat surveillance; unconventional warfare; psychological operations; and other aspects of military operations. Determine key terrain and air avenues of approach. Also discuss terrain features that limit air vehicle detection or target acquisition and terrain that might canalize or force air targets to fly a particular profile. Try to determine where the enemy will most probably use air assets.

(c) Other pertinent factors. List analysis of political, economic, sociological, psychological, and other factors (such as hydrography, environment, communications, science, technology, materiel, transportation, safety and accident prevention, and manpower). Include deduction about their effects on friendly and enemy operations.

(3) Enemy situation. A threat evaluation discusses enemy capabilities that are or may be a threat to the operation.
(a) Disposition. List locations of enemy forces that will participate in air or missle operations or that threaten friendly air defense operations. Determine combinations of air platforms that the enemy may use when conducting a particular type of operation.

(b) Composition. The enemy organization for combat includes identity of units, types of air platforms and missiles, and armament. Also address how many sorties and missiles are expected to be flown per day, and possible composition of those sorties.

AIR DEFENSE ESTIMATE NUMBER____

(c) Strength. Numbers and sizes of committed and reinforcing units. Consider the location of the enemy, enemy doctrine, and the unit's mission. Identify air and missile assets and air support units that could or may affect the operation. When, where, and how many air platfomms will the enemy fly during this operation?

(d) Other considerations. Enemy forces not discussed above.

(e) Recent and present signicant activities. Summary of recent enemy activities that were both successful and unsuccessful. Highlight any enemy air activity to include number, type of air plaffomms, and locations.

(f) Peculiarities and weaknesses. Indicate enemy peculiarities and weaknesses that might influence combat effectiveness, including vulnerability to deception.

(g) Enemy capabilities. A compilation of available information from which to draw conclusions about possible enemy air courses of action and how they relate to the enemy ground courses of action.

(4) Own situation. The friendly force air defense disposition, composition, and strength. Highlight the vulnerability of the force to enemy air and missile attacks and surveillance.
(a) Tactical situation. State the force commander's course of action. Include any guidance which affects air defense operations. Include description of any phasing of operations in the courses of action and the impact of those operations on support relationships or requirements.

(b) Personnel, logistics, and civil-military operations. The status of personnel and logistics in the unit. Identify civil-military operations requirements. Identify limitations which affect or may affect the conduct of air defense operations. Can the mission be accomplished?

b. Anticipated difficulties or difficulty patterns. Identify those aspects in the commander's plan which create difficulity in providing air defense and affect the ability of the force to accomplish its mission.

c. Own courses of action. Present an air defense course of action for each of the supported force courses of action. Each ADA course of action presented should include the following aspects:

• Air defense mission.
• Air defense priorities.
• Air defense fires.
• Air defense scheme of maneuver.
• ADA task organization.
• Command and support relationships.
• Key passive air defense measures.
• Type of action required in each operational area (close, deep, and rear).
• Combined arms for air defense active measures.

AIR DEFENSE ESTIMATE NUMBER____

3. ANALYSIS OF COURSES OF ACTION

Present a narrative which war-games each course of action. Determine the probable outcome of each course of action, including critical incidents, areas, times, and significant difficulties. Apply these factors to the analysis by considering the impact of enemy capabilities and significant difficulties on the possible success of each course of action.

4. COMPARISON OF COURSES OF ACTION

Compare each of the courses of action to determine which course of action air defense can best support. Present advantages and disadvantages for each course of action.

5. DECISION (RECOMMENDATION)

Compare each of the courses of action to determine a recommendation.

• Indicate which course or courses of action ADA can best support (using the elements of who, what, when, where, how, and why).

• Recommend a list of air defense priorities.

• State the recommended ADA organization for combat, and employment of other active air defense assets.

• Possible OCA targets.

• Passive and active air defense measures which will be most effective.

ANNEXES: (as required)

The estimate of the situation assists the commander in determining the most suitable course of action to accomplish the mission. Once the commander makes this decision and clearly articulates the intent, the staff prepares OPLANs and OPORDs.

The ADCOORD must conduct detailed coordination with other staff sections to develop this annex. The ADCOORD derives information affecting the air defense annex from other staff estimates. Additionally, the air defense estimate helps drive these other staff estimates.

The ADCOORD writes the plan as a five-paragraph annex to the supported unit's OPLAN or OPORD. See the Annex G (Air Defense) to OPORD illustration. The air defense annex assigns specific air defense missions each unit must accomplish. Concurrently or sequentially, ADA units may be preparing their own OPLANs or OPORDs.

Copy___of___copies
Issuing headquarters
Place of Issue
Date-time group of signature
Message reference number

ANNEX G (AIR DEFENSE) TO OPORD_____

References: Maps, charts, or other relevant documents.
Time Zone Used Throughout the Order:
Task Organlzation

1. SITUATION

a. Enemy Forces. Detail enemy air capabilitles.
(1) Enemy air order of battle. See Intelligence Annex.

(2) Air threat data. List air-capable organizations including air platforms by number and type.

(3) Additional air threat information. List air threat information pertinent to the operation but not covered in the Intelligence Annex. Highlight specific air threat considerations like sortie rates, subordination of air elements to ground units, ordnance peculiarities, target preferences, tactics, and recent significant activities.

(4) Air avenues of approach. List all expected air avenues of approach. List all known beginning points and describe avenue of approach as it goes through the area of interest.

(5) Terrain and weather. Briefly discuss when and where the enemy will most probably use air platforms, due to terrain and weather constraints.

ANNEX G (AIR DEFENSE) TO OPORD____

b. Friendly Forces. ADA mission at all applicable levels. Describe how the air defense plan integrates with higher echelon plans.
(1) Higher units. Outline higher AD unit intent and plans.

(2) Adjacent units. Outline adjacent AD unit intent and plans.

(3) Supporting elements. Note supporting units and support relationship.

c. Attachments and detachments. Identify air defense resources attached from other commands and identify those air defense resources detached.

Who, what, when, where, how, and why statement of the mission for the air defense artillery unit.

3. EXECUTION

a. Concept of the operatlon. Commanders overall ADA plan to include the intent, objectives, and priorities.

b. Tasks to subordinate ADA units. Briefly discuss ADA plan, command and support relationships, and priority of protection.

c. Coordinating instructions. Instructions applicable to two or more subordinate units. Include references to other applicable annexes.

(1) ADW and ADW authority. LADW and LADW authority also.

(2) SOR plan. Briefly discuss initial SOR and plans to change or rotate SOR.

(3) WCS and WCS authority. Include any plans to change WCS.

(4) Hostile criteria. Basic rules the commander has established to assist in the identification of friendly or hostile air vehicles. Include preplanned changes.

(5) Rules of engagement. Address ROE unique to the operation or points in the operation where changes are intended. Include use of supplemental fire control measures.

(6) Passive air defense. Briefly discuss specific passive air defense measures that all units should take to protect themselves from air and missile attack or surveillance during this operation.

ANNEX G (AIR DEFENSE) TO OPORD____

(7) Comblned arms for air defense. Briefly discuss specific techniques units should use to help in defending themselves against an air or missile attack or surveillance.

(8) Early warning. Review method and format for passing early warning to the entire force.

See Service Support Annex.

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL

a. Command.
(1) ADA CP locations.

(2) Succession of command.

b. Signal. See Signal Annex.
(1) IFF code edition and book number.

ACKNOWLEDGE:
OFFICIAL: NAME (Commander's last name)
APPENDIXES: RANK (Commander's rank)
APPENDIXES:
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